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I  861-1885. 


Education  in  Colorado. 


A    Brief    History    of   the    Early    Educational    Interests 
OF  Colorado,  Together  with  the  History  of  the 
State   Teachers'   Association,   and   Short 
Sketches  of  Private  and  Denomi- 
national Institutions. 


COMPILED  BY  ORDER  OF  THE  STATE  TEACHERS'  ASSOCIATION. 


denver,  colo.: 
News  Printing  Company. 

1885. 


CAJORI 


/ 


PREFACE. 

At  the  eleventh  session  of  the  Colorado  State  Teachers' 
Association,  held  at  Denver,  December  29,  30,  and  31,  1884, 
among  the  resolutions  adopted  was  the  following : 

Resolved,  That  the  Hon.  H.  M.  Hale,  with  two  others  whom 
he  may  appoint,  shall  constitute  a  committee,  the  duty  of  which 
shall  be  to  prepare  and  print  a  pamphlet  embodying  the  history 
of  the  schools  of  Colorado,  and  especially  a  history  of  this  Asso- 
ciation now  just  completing  the  tenth  year  of  its  life. 

In  pursuance  of  the  above,  Superintendent  Aaron  Gove,  of 
the  public  schools  of  District  No.  i,  Arapahoe  County,  and  Hon. 
Joseph  C.  Shattuck,  late  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion, were  called  to  aid  in  the  work  proposed. 

The  committee  thus  formed  deemed  it  advisable  to  preface 
the  history  of  the  schools  and  of  the  Association  with  a  summary 
of  the  history  of  the  early  settlement  of  the  State,  sufficient,  at 
least,  to  form  an  introduction. 

The  fact  that  Colorado  has  just  fairly  completed  the  first 
quarter  of  a  century  of  her  existence,  under  the  present  regime, 
makes  the  publication  of  this  volume  seem  especially  opportune 
and  desirable,  to  the  end  that  future  generations  may  have  the 
essential  facts  relating  to  the  early  schools,  and  these  compiled  by 
living  participants. 

In  performing  the  work  assigned  them,  the  committee  have 
not  striven  to  be  exhaustive ;  on  the  contrary,  the  endeavor  has 
been  to  be  as  concise  as  would  be  consistent  with  the  end 
sought. 

Their  work  is  respectfully  submitted  with  the  hope  that  it 
will  meet  the  approval  of  the  Association  and  of  the  friends  of 
popular  education  throughout  the  State. 

Horace  M.  Hale, 
Aaron  Gove, 
Joseph  C.  Shattuck, 

Cotniniiiee. 


91821i2 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/educationincolorOOcolorich 


Part   I. 

History  of  Early  Educational    Interests 
of  Colorado. 


Early  Educational   Interests. 


CHAPTER  L 

A    LITTLE    GENERjAL    HISTORY. 

Prior  to  the  year  of  our  Lord  1859  ^^^tle  was  known,  by  civ- 
ilized America,  of  the  region  now  embraced  by  the  boundaries  of 
Colorado.  That  there  existed,  between  the  then  Western  bound- 
ary of  civilization  and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  a  vast,  unsettled 
and  almost  unexplored  country  belonging  to  the  United  States, 
was  generally  understood.  It  was  known  that,  while  under  the 
administration  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  in  1803,  the  Government  pur- 
chased from  France,  for  ;^  1 5 ,000,000,  an  immense  area  of  almost 
unknown  land;  also  that  later,  in  1848,  it  had  acquired  by  treaty 
with  Mexico,  territory  to  the  southwest  which,  if  less  extensive 
than  the  Louisiana  purchase,  was  equally  valueless.  Avery  large 
portion  of  the  country  here  referred  to  was,  as  late  as  1840, 
described  in  the  school  atlases  of  the  day,  and  was  known,  as 
**The  Great  American  Desert." 

Soon  after  the  purchase  of  the  French  territory,  the  United 
States  Government  sent  Zebulon  Pike  (1806),  with  a  few  soldiers, 
to  explore  what  is  now  a  part  of  Colorado,  and  later  (1819) 
Colonel  S.  H.  Long  on  a  similar  mission  farther  north.  Still  later 
(1832)  the  American  Fur  Company  sent  Captain  Bonneville.  In 
1842  and  1844  John  C.  Fremont,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Gov- 
ernment, passed  through  this  region  en  route  to  the  South  Pass 
and  Oregon.  Besides  these  expeditions,  a  few  fur  traders  visited 
the  Rocky  Mountain  region  and  established  forts  or  trading  posts 
on  the  Arkansas  and  Platte  Rivers.  Even  prior  to  the  Mexican 
war,  quite  an  active  trade  was  carried  on,  by  means  of  caravans, 
between  the  Western  limits  of  American  civilization  and  Santa 
Fe — the  outpost  and  trade  center  of  Northern  Mexico. 


Previous  to  1846,  the  Mexican  Government  had  donated  to 
Colorado  Vigil  and  St.  Vrain,  an  extensive  grant  of  land  lying 
south  of  the  Arkansas  River,  known  as  the  "  Las  Animas  Land 
Grant"  Colonel  Bent  had  established  a  trading  post  on  the 
Arkansas,  which  served  as  a  place  of  refuge  and  defense  in  after 
years  against  the  Indians.  A  few  Mexicans  had,  prior  to  1858, 
settled  near  the  southern  boundary  of  Colorado,  on  the  Las  Ani- 
mas River,  and  a  colony  of  fifty  or  more  formed  the  settlement 
of  Conejos,  where  a  Jesuit  Mission  School  was  established.  With 
the  exception  of  the  early  Government  explorers,  the  fur  traders, 
trainmen,  California  emigrants,  Mexicans,  and  perhaps  a  few  Mor- 
mons— not  forgetting  the  ancient  Aztecs,  whose  records  are  still 
to  be  read  in  the  Cliff  Houses  of  the  southwestern  counties — 
Colorado  had  received  very  little  civilizing  influence  prior  to 
the  date  of  what  may  properly  be  called  its  present  civilization, 
or  the  advent  of  Green  Russell's  party  of  Georgians  in  June,  1858. 

The  acquisition  of  California  from  Mexico,  followed  almost 
immediately,  as  it  was,  by  the  discovery  of  gold  there,  led  to  its 
marvelously  rapid  settlement  by  Americans,  and  also  to  more 
extended  explorations  for  the  precious  metals  in  other  portions 
of  the  newly  acquired  territory;  not  such  superficial,  horseback 
explorations  as  history  informs  us  were  made  by  Vasquez 
Coroando,  in  1540,  but  such  as  had  proved  remunerative  to 
intelligent,  practical  miners  in  California. 

As  above  stated.  Green  Russell's  party  made  their  advent  in 
June,  1858.  They  had  acquired  a  mining  experience  in  their 
native  State  and  in  California.  They  prospected  quite  carefully 
all  the  tributaries  of  the  Platte,  and  found  gold,  in  small  quanti- 
ties, almost  everywhere  ;  their  best  results  were  obtained  about 
six  miles  above  Denver,  in  a  dry  gulch,  which  they  christened 
**  Montana  Diggings."  Finding  sufficient  evidence  there  to  justify 
them  in  believing  that  better  might  be  found  elsewhere,  they 
returned  to  the  Missouri  River  for  supplies,  carrying  the  proof  of 
their  discoveries. 

In  the  spring  of  1859,  there  was  a  great  rush  to  the  new 
El  Dorado,     Exaggerated  reports  of  the  wonderful  gold  deposits 


that  had  been  discovered  by  the  Russell  party  in  the  "  Pike's 
Peak "  region,  had  spread  over  the  country,  as  such  reports 
usually  spread.  Adventurers  rushed  in  by  hundreds,  only  to 
become  disgusted  and  to  turn  again  their  faces  Eastward,  without 
even  unloading  their  wagons,  stubbornly  refusing  to  sell,  at 
extravagant  prices,  their  surplus  provisions  to  those  whom  they 
accused  of  encouraging  the  fraud.  The  greater  portion,  however, 
of  these  pioneers,  in  some  instances  from  necessity,  and  in  some 
from  choice,  remained  to  malle  more  extended  researches. 
Nearly  all  were  inexperienced  in  gold  hunting ;  many  could  not 
tell  gold  when  they  saw  it.  The  following  extract  from  "  Fossett's 
Colorado  "  graphically  portrays  the  peculiarities  of  the  vanguard 
of  Colorado's  civilization : 

"With  the  spring  and  summer  of  1859,  came  a  stampede 
Westward  to  the  land  of  promise,  such  as  has  never  been  equalled, 
except  in  the  case  of  California.  Over  the  broad  expanse  of  six 
hundred  miles  of  plains,  passed  an  almost  continuous  stream  of 
humanity.  The  talismanic  legend  "  gold  "  had  created  a  fever 
and  enthusiasm  that  no  distance  or  hardships  could  repress,  no 
danger  or  difficulty  dispel  ;  and  so  all  routes  over  this  ocean  ot 
dust  and  solitude  were  lined  with  caravans,  and  with  pilgrims 
weary  and  footsore,  but  ever  hopeful  of  the  land  and  future  before 
them.  That  many  were  doomed  to  disappointment  is  told  in  the 
unwritten  history  of  this  as  well  as  of  all  other  mining  excite- 
ments. The  roving,  advanturous  spirits  that  formed  the  vanguard 
in  the  settlement  of  Colorado  came  largely  from  the  better  and 
more  enterprising  classes  of  the  East,  West  and  South.  There 
was  a  smattering  of  good,  bad,  and  indifferent  characters,  all 
equally  desirous  of  bettering  their' fortunes,  which  in  many  cases 
could  not  have  been  worse.  Probably  over  fifty  thousand  men 
aided,  in  this  eventful  year,  to  enlarge  that  *  Western  trail  of  immi- 
gration, which  bursts  into  States  and  empires  as  it  moves.' 

*'  The  wide  awake  speculator,  the  broken-down  merchant, 
the  farmer,  mechanic,  gambler,  or  the  wanderer  from  foreign 
lands,  the  cultivated  and  the  illiterate,  all  combined  to  swell  the 
human  tide  that  was  setting  in  so  strongly  for  the  new  land  of 


—  10  — 

gold  out  toward  the  setting  sun.  While  many  were  admirably 
adapted  to  settle  and  reclaim  a  wilderness,  large  numbers  soon 
became  discouraged,  and  returned  whence  they  came  ;  but  this 
could  not  arrest  the  progress  of  the  oncoming  multitude  that 
followed.  Probably  nineteen  twentieths  of  those  goldseekers 
were  as  ignorant  and  inexperienced  as  regards  mining  as  they 
well  could  be,  and  had  but  a  faint  idea  of  the  work  to  be  done  or 
the  hardships  to  be  undergone  in  this  wild  rush  for  wealth." 

After  discovering  gold  in  small  quantities  on  South  Boulder 
and  South  Clear  Creek,  near  Idaho  Springs,  in  1859,  followed 
by  the  grand  discovery  of  the  "  Gregory  Diggings  "  made  by 
John  H.  Gregory,  an  experienced  California  miner,  near  the  pres- 
ent sites  of  Central  City  and  Black  Hawk,  in  Gilpin  County, 
matters  assumed  an  aspect  of  permanence,  and  those  who  came 
to  look  resolved  to  stay ;  before  the  close  of  the  year  an  effort 
was  made  to  form  a  Territorial  Government ;  some  enthusiast 
declared  for  a  State  Government  at  once,  deeming  it  unnecessary 
to  pass  through  the  intermediate  stage  of  a  Territory.  They  even 
went  so  far  as  to  submit  to  the  people  a  State  constitution  ;  this 
was  voted  down  by  a  very  large  majority. 

An  attempt  was  then  made  to  organize  a  Territory  to  be 
known  as  "  Jefferson,"  and  a  delegate  was  sent  to  Congress  to 
urge  its  recognition;  this  project  failing,  the  people  were  forced 
to  be  content  with  asking  for  a  recognition  in  the  Kansas  Legis- 
lature. In  this  they  were  so  far  successful  as  to  induce  the  Legis- 
lature to  form  the  County  of  Arapahoe,  embracing  all  the  western 
part  of  Kansas  and  extending  to  the  Snowy  Range.  "  Arapahoe 
County,  Kansas,"  was  the  region  styled  until  1861. 

Lode  mining  began  to  supplement  gulch  mining.  The 
famous  Bob-Tail  and  Gregory  lodes  were  large  producers,  and 
Gilpin  County  was  found  to  be  a  complete  gridiron  of  veins,  each 
of  which  was  believed,  by  its  owner,  to  be  a  reservoir  of  limitless 
wealth.  One  hundred  linear  feet  on  a  lode  was  deemed  sufficient 
to  make  a  Croesus  of  its  owner;  therefore  the  miners  decreed 
that  that  should  be  the  extent  of  a  claim ;  the  discoverer,  how- 
ever, might  locate  two  such  claims. 


The  more  prosperous  camps  soon  became  over-crowded,  and 
when  the  fact  became  patent  that  every  claim  was  not  a  bonanza, 
parties  gradually  drifted  into  unexplored  regions,  so  that,  in  due 
time,  miner's  cabins  and  tents,  and  sluice  boxes  and  windlasses 
were  to  be  seen  on  nearly  every  stream  in  the  mountains.  Towns 
sprang  into  existence  in  a  day,  and  in  some  instances  were  as 
quickly  abandoned.  The  miners  themselves  were  the  makers, 
expounders,  and  executors  of  the  local  laws  ;  no  higher  authority 
was  sought  or  recognized.  Here  Was  a  perfect,  practical  illustra- 
tion of  a  pure  democracy.  Whenever  an  exigency  arose,  the 
people  assembled  and  made  the  laws  viva  voce,  and  not  unfre- 
quently  executed  them  with  as  little  formality  ;  yet  "vice  did  not 
prevail,"  nor  did  "  impious  men  bear  sway."  Thus  it  was,  until 
February  26,  1861,  when,  Kansas  having  been  admitted  into  the 
Union,  Congress  organized  the  Territory  of  Colorado,  covering 
the  same  area  as  now,  and  limited  by  the  thirty-seventh  and  forty- 
first  parallels  of  north  latitude,  and  the  one  hundred  and  second 
and  one  hundred  and  ninth  meridians  of  west  longitude.  William 
Gilpin  was  sent  as  governor;  a  census  taken  showed  a  population 
of  25,329 — 4,484  of  whom  were  women,  with  a  sufficient  number 
of  children  to  at  least  suggest  the  approaching  need  of  schools. 
Denver,  being  the  eittrepot  for  immigrants,  and  the  outfitting 
post  for  miners  and  prospectors,  had  become  a  city  of  no  mean 
proportions ;  brick  buildings  had  taken  the  places  of  tents  and 
temporary  shanties;  large  business  houses  had  been  established, 
and  even  a  mint  —where  gold  was  coined — by  Clark,  Gruber  & 
Co.  Not  less  than  three  banks  were  loaning  money  at  from  5  to 
20  per  cent,  per  month,  and  yet  there  was  no  urgent  demand  for 
a  school. 

We  have  thus  briefly  presented  the  story  of  Colorado's 
infancy,  not  so  much  with  the  view  of  giving  its  history,  as  of 
furnishing  a  foundation  upon  which  to  base  the  chief  purpose  of 
this  volume;  viz.,  its  school  history  and  the  history  of  the  State 
Teachers'  Association. 


—  12  — 


CHAPTER  11. 

HISTORY    OF    THE    SCHOOLS. 

Among  the  acts  passed  by  the  First  Legislative  Assembly 
of  Colorado,  held  at  Denver,  in  1861,  was  a  very  comprehensive 
school  law,  similar  in  its  provisions  to  that  then  in  force  in  the 
State  of  Illinois.  This  law  provided  for  the  appointment,  by  the 
Governor,  during  that  session,  of  a  "  Territorial  Superintendent  of 
Common  Schools,"  who  was  to  enter  upon  the  duties  of  his  office 
on  the  first  day  of  December,  1861,  and  to  continue  until  his 
successor  was  duly  appointed  and  qualified  ;  he  was  to  receive  an 
annual  salary  of  ;^500.  The  duties  were  minutely  prescribed  and 
were  similar  to  those  now  imposed  on  the  State  Superintendent 
of  Public  Instruction,  with  the  additional  duty  of  recommending 
to  the  several  school  districts  a  uniform  series  of  text  books,  to  be 
used  in  the  schools  thereof  As  a  matter  of  course,  the  Superin- 
tendent could  accomplish  little.  The  impulses  of  the  people  were 
in  the  right  direction,  but  the  essential  elements  of  success — 
children — were  wanting.  Some  of  the  first  school  districts  organ- 
ized were  as  large  as  States,  while  the  school  population  num- 
bered less  than  a  score. 

The  law  provided  for  the  election,  biennially,  of  a  County 
Superintendent  in  each  County,  and  in  its  general  features  was 
not  essentially  different  from  that  of  the  present. 

At  the  second  session  of  the  Legislature,  begun  at  Colorado 
City,  July  7,  1862,  and  adjourned  to  Denver,  July  1 1,  the  ordinary 
school  revenue  was  sought  to  be  supplemented  by  enacting  "  That 
hereafter  when  any  new  mineral  lode,  of  either  gold  bearing 
quartz,  silver,  or  other  valuable  metal,  shall  be  discovered  in  this 
Territory,  one  claim  of  one  hundred  feet  in  length  on  such  lode 
shall  be  set  apart  and  held  in  perpetuity  for  the  use  and  benefit  of 
schools  in  this  Territory,  subject  to  the  control  of  the  Legislative 
Assembly." 


—  13  — 

This  law  seemed  at  the  time  to  promise  much  for  the  schools, 
but  the  results  proved  to  be  insignificant;  not  one  per  cent,  of  the 
thousands  of  claims  so  located  ever  contributed  a  dollar  to  the 
school  fund  ;  a  few  were  sold  at  prices  ranging  from  five  to 
twenty-five  dollars. 

By  virtue  of  the  provisions  of  the  law  of  1861,  Mr.  W.  J. 
Curtice  was,  by  Governor  Gilpin,  appointed  "Territorial  Superin- 
tendent of  Common  Schools"  and  entered  upon  the  duties  of  his 
office  December  ist  of  that  year."  Mr.  Curtice,  in  the  introduc- 
tion to  the  school  law,  published  for  the  use  of  school  officers, 
says  :  "  The  First  Legislative  Assembly  of  Colorado,  entrusted 
with  the  important  and  varied  duties  of  establishing  law  and 
government  for  our  Territory,  were  not  unmindful  of  its  educa- 
tional interests,  and  enacted  the  school  law  herewith  published. 
That  it  should  be  free  from  imperfections  could  not  reasonaJDly.  be 
expected.  The  school  laws  of  many  of  our  older  States,  passed 
after  mature  deliberation,  and  amended,  as  experience  dictated 
from  year  to  year,  are  still  far  from  perfect.  Time  and  experience, 
while  bringing  to  light  the  faults  of  the  present  law,  will  also 
suggest  many  improvements,  better  adapting  it  to  the  peculiar 
requirements  of  popular  education  in  our  new  Territory.  It  now 
remains  for  the  people  and  their  duly  chosen  school  officers,  to 
immitate  the  commendable  zeal  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  in 
behalf  of  education,  by  carrying  into  effect  the  school  law  and 
inaugurating  a  public  school  system  in  every  county  of  the  Terri- 
tory. In  discharging  this  duty,  we  shall  not  only  remove  a  great 
barrier — want  of  schools — to  the  rapid  settlement  of  the  country, 
but  will  be  developing  an  educational  system  among  us,  for  the 
future,  of  greater  value  than  the  gold  of  our  mountains,  and  a 
better  safeguard  to  society  than  the  electrive  franchise  or  stand- 
ing armies." 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  early  settlement  of  Colo- 
rado was  somewhat  anomalous.  The  pioneers  and  immigrants  of 
other  new  regions — Michigan,  Illinois,  Kansas,  etc. — were  families, 
seeking  permanent  homes,  while  those  of  Colorado  were  fortune- 
hunting  men  only,  whose  wives  and  children  were   left  behind. 


—  14  — 

whose  highest  ambition  and  only  intentions  were  to  remain  here 
long  enough  to  gather  wealth  with  which  to  return  and  enjoy. 
Schools  were  not,  to  them,  of  much  importance,  even  if  there  had 
been  the  material  from  which  to  make  them.  This  condition  of 
things  is  clearly  reflected  in  Mr.  Curtice's  instructions  to  County 
Superintendents.  He  says  :  "  In  entering  upon  the  discharge 
of  your  duties  you  may  find,  owing  to  the  absorbing  character  of 
the  pursuits  of  many  of  our  people,  and  the  intense  application 
with  which  every  business  is  followed,  that  comparatively  slight 
regard  will  be  paid  to  the  interests  of  education  in  many  locali- 
ties ;  and  the  same  might  be  observed  of  any  other  interest  uncon- 
vertible immediately  into  money.  You  may  not  meet  with  that 
ready  co-operation  of  the  mass  of  the  community  in  your  work 
that  would  be  desirable ;  yet,  while  such  a  state  of  things  may 
induce  a  disposition  to  withhold  time  and  labor,  you  will,  on  the 
other  hand,  find  no  people  more  ready  to  contribute  the  one  thing 
most  needful — material  aid — in  establishing  schools  in  their 
midst.  While  our  people  are  more  awake  to  their  individual 
interests  than  communities  elsewhere,  no  people  can  be  found 
more  alive  to  the  importance  of  good  schools — none  who  will 
contribute  more  liberally  to  sustain  them. 

"  Bearing  these  facts  in  mind,  as  well  as  the  vast  importance 
of  the  work  in  which  you  are  engaged,  referring  to  the  law  for 
your  guide  and  authority,  be  zealous  and  active  in  the  discharge 
of  your  duties  and  you  will  be  successful." 

To  the  people  generally  the  Superintendent  continues  :  "  The 
lesson  first  taught  by  our  early  statesmen,  and  successfully 
enforced  by  the  good  and  wise  who  have  succeeded  them,  is  sub- 
stantially this :  *  That  in  proportion  as  every  nation  has  been 
enlightened  and  educated  so  has  been  its  prosperity.  When  the 
heads  and  hearts  of  men  are  generally  cultivated  and  improved, 
virtue  and  wisdom  must  reign,  and  vice  and  ignorance  cease  to 
prevail ;  virtue  and  wisdom  are  the  parents  of  private  and  public 
happiness ;  vice  and  ignorance,  of  private  and  public  misery. 
This  lesson  having  been  taught  by  the  wise  and  good  since  the 
foundation  of  our  Government,  and  having  been  carried  into  prac- 


—  15  — 

tice  in  the  establishment  of  schools  for  the  education  of  the  chil- 
dren of  the  mass  of  the  people  in  a  majority  of  our  States,  has 
produced  results  in  the  extension  of  prosperity,  intelligence, 
and  happiness  exceeding  the  hopes  of  the  most  sanguine,  and  of 
anything  before  seen  in  the  history  of  the  world.  While  such, 
however,  has  been  the  case  in  a  majority  of  the  States  loyal  to 
the  Government  and  constitution  of  the  country,  it  is  equally  true 
that  a  minority  of  the  States  have,  to  a  great  extent,  been  deaf  to 
the  teachings  of  our  own  greatest  statesmen,  and  while  educating 
the  few,  have  neglected  the  many ;  while  alive  to  the  pecuniary 
and  political  advantages  of  the  few,  have  been  dead  to  the  inter- 
ests of  the  common  schools  and  the  instruction  thereby  of  the 
children  of  the  masses.  As  might  have  been,  and  as  was  antici- 
pated by  the  great  statesmen  of  the  past,  the  time  has  come  when 
they  have  proved  themselves  disloyal  to  their  Government,  and  are 
to-day  engaged  in  an  attempt  to  effect  its  overthrow.  While  their 
energies  are  directed  with  the  power  of  desperation  against  the 
life  of  the  nation,  in  the  field,  the  anathemas  of  their  orators  and 
the  sarcasm  of  their  politicians  are  directed  against  the  school 
systems  of  the  loyal  States.  But  it  rejoices  the  heart  of  the 
patriot  to  believe  that  the  enlightened  power  of  the  people,  which 
has  made  our  country  what  it  is,  is  also  equal  to  the  work  of 
maintaining  it ;  and  that  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  those 
now  in  rebellion,  learning  how  vain  the  attempt  to  effect  its  over- 
throw, will  gladly  return  to  the  allegiance  of  a  Government  that 
has  always  been  a  friend  and  protector  of  all  its  citizens." 

The  quotation  from  the  words  of  Colorado's  first  Superintend- 
ent of  Schools  are  reproduced  here,  not  wholly  for  the  true  sen- 
timents contained,  but  as  reflecting,  in  a  measure,  the  condition  of 
affairs,  both  local  and  national,  at  the  time  the  foundation  of  Col- 
orado's schools  was  being  laid ;  very  little  indeed,  as  might  well 
have  been  expected,  was  accomplished  in  the  matter  of  super- 
structure during  the  first  administration.  The  number  of  school 
children  within  the  boundaries  of  the  entire  territory  were  not 
sufficient,  had  they  been  gathered  into  one  district,  to  have  formed 
a  first-class  district  of  to-day.  Nevertheless  there  was  a  begin- 
ning, and  a  good  one. 


—  i6  — 

Mr.  Curtice  resigned  his  office  in  1863,  and  William  S. 
Walker  was  appointed  to  the  vacancy.  Mr.  Walker  left  no  rec- 
ords of  his  doings,  and  the  presumption  is  that  little  or  nothing  was 
done  in  the  office,  probably  from  the  fact,  as  above  stated,  of  an 
insufficiency  of  working  material. 

At  the  fourth  session  of  the  Legislature,  held  at  Golden  City, 
in  1865,  the  school  law  was  amended,  making  the  Territorial 
Treasurer  ex  officio  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  with  an 
annual  salary  of  ;^500,  and  also  fixing  the  compensation  of 
County  Superintendents  at  ;^5  a  day  for  actual  services ;  prior  to 
this  the  Superintendent  was  paid  such  a  sum  as  the  County  Com- 
missioners saw  fit  to  allow.  By  this  last  enactment  the  Superin- 
tendency  fell  into  the  hands  of  Mr.  A.  W.  Atkins,  Territorial 
Treasurer  at  that  time.  There  are  no  reports  of  his  official  work. 
The  same  may  be  said  of  his  successors  in  1866  and  1867.  At 
the  fifth  session  of  the  Legislature,  begun  at  Golden  City, 
January  i,  and  adjourned  to  Denver  January  2,  1866,  a  law  was 
passed  making  it  a  misdemeanor  to  jump  mineral  claims  that  had 
been  set  apart  for  schools,  or  for  failing  to  relinquish  such  claims 
as  had  previously  been  pre-empted  ;  also,  providing  for  the  sale 
and  leasing  of  school  claims,  and  the  investment  of  the  proceeds 
in  United  States  bonds ;  also,  for  giving  to  the  colored  people  a 
pro  rata  share  of  the  school  fund  for  the  maintenance  of  separate 
schools. 

In  December,  1867,  Mr.  Columbus  Nuckolls,  by  virtue  of 
his  office  as  Territorial  Treasurer,  became  Superintendent.  His 
deputy,  Mr.  E.  L.  Berthoud,  evidently  set  out  with  a  determina- 
tion to  bring  order  out  of  chaos;  still  but  little  was  accomplished, 
as  will  appear  from  the  statement  below  made  to  the  Legislature, 
November  20,  1867.  This  being  the  first  semblance  of  a  school 
report  in  existence,  it  is  deemed  worthy  of  a  place  here  in  full : 


m  \<*     •    » , 


17 


ANNUAL    REPORT 

of  the  superintendent  of  public   instruction  of   colorado. 

Office  of  Territorial  Supt.      ^ 

OF  Public  Instruction,  v 

Golden  City,  Colo.  T.,  Nov.  20,  iS6y.) 

To  the  HoJiorable  Legislature  of  Colorado  Terntory  : 

Gentlemen: — I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following 
report  of  the  condition  of  the  public  schools  of  the  Territory  of 
Colorado,  for  the  year  1867. 

Respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

Columbus  Nuckolls, 
Ter.  Treas.  and  Supt.  Fiib.  Ins. 

statement. 

The  reports  required  by  law  from  the  several  counties  of  this 
Territory  have,  up  to  date,  been  received  only  from  two — Pueblo 
and  Clear  Creek  Counties — which,  consequently,  gives  me  no 
material  upon  which  I  can  give  the  summary  of  our  Territorial 
schools  as  required  by  law.  I  regret  this  the  more  as  my  deputy 
and  assistant,  E.  L.  Berthoud,  began  in  March,  1867,  to  require 
reports  of  all  matters  pertaining  to  our  public  schools  throughout 
the  Territory.  To  aid  and  facilitate  this,  he  caused  to  be  printed 
and  personally  sent  and  arranged  reports  in  blank  of  all  the 
minutiae,  and  all  matters  of  interest  relating  to  our  public  schools, 
and  has  distributed  them  to  all  the  counties,  with  instructions 
complete,  to  enable  them  to  be  promptly  filled  out  and  returned. 
Together  with  the  required  school  reports,  he  sent  blank  reports, 
in  accordance  with  Territorial  law,  upon  which  the  school  mining 
claims,  numbered,  named  and  described,  could  be  reported  to  the, 
Territorial  Treasurer  and  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction. 
In  this,  however,  I  have  met  with  no  success,  receiving  reports 
only  from  Clear  Creek  and  Gilpin  Counties,  which,  up  to  date, 
have  alone  complied  with  the  law. 


—  I8  — 

I  would  respectfully  suggest  to  the  Hon.  Legislature,  that, 
inasmuch  as  the  laws  of  the  Territory,  in  reference  to  school 
mining  claims,  are  either  disregarded  or  disputed,  and  the  dispo- 
sition of  the  same  and  of  the  proceeds  of  their  sale  not  properly 
attended  to,  and  the  generous  provisions  of  our  Territorial  laws, 
in  respect  to  the  special  school  fund,  not  adequately  guarded  or 
guaranteed  to  the  school  fund,  that  the  management,  disposition 
and  care  of  the  same  in  the  several  mining  counties  be  more  rigidly 
defined  and  placed  beyond  the  contingency  of  careless  and  irre- 
sponsible acts,  or  the  indifference  of  those  whose  ill-paid  services 
do  not  incite  to  more  vigilant  care  of  such  precious  funds  as  those 
that  accrue  to  our  common  schools  from  the  sale  of  school  mining 
claims.  It  has  been  suggested  that  the  bonds  of  County  Superin- 
tendents might  be  submitted  for  examination  and  approval  to  the 
Territorial  Treasurer  and  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction, 
before  their  acts  in  relation  to  the  sale  and  disposition  of  the  school 
property  could  be  either  begun  or  consummated.  I  would  also 
state  that  several  counties  have  never,  even  when  requested, 
informed  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  who  was  or 
who  had  been  County  Superintendent,  and  that  it  is  not  yet 
known  to  him  whether  there  are  any,  in  those  counties,  whose 
bonds  have  been  filed,  or  whether  there  is  any  responsible  county 
organization. 

The  laws  of  our  Territory  prescribe  certain  reports  and  returns 
to  be  made  yearly,  or  when  asked  for  by  the  Territorial  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  Instruction,  but  there  is  no  penalty  available  to 
compel  such,  if  neglected.  We  would  respectfully  ask  that  a  law 
be  passed,  empowering  the  Superintendent  to  ask  for  reports  of 
school  funds,  mining  claims,  and  all  expenditures,  at  any  time,  if 
not  punctually  made. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Columbus  Nuckolls, 
Terr.  Treas.  and  Supt.  Pub.  Ins. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  that  even  as  late  as  1867, 


there  was  far  from  being  a  system  of  schools ;  and  also,  from  the 
report  reproduced  below,  that  two  years  more  of  time  had  pro- 
duced but  little  improvement : 


SCHOOL  SUPERINTENDENT'S  REPORT. 

Office  Territorial  Supt.  Public  Instruction,  1 
Denver,  Colo.,  December  25,  1869.  / 

To  the  Honorable  Legislattire  of  Colorado  Territory  : 

Gentlemen  : — I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following 
report  of  the  condition  of  the  public  schools  of  the  Territory  of 
Colorado: 

Upon  examining  the  reports  of  the  County  Superintendents 
which  are  by  law  required  to  be  made  to  the  Superintendent  of 
Public  Instruction,  I  find  that  nearly  every  one  complains  that  the 
Secretaries  of  the  District  Boards  fail  to  include  in  their  reports 
all  the  items  which  the  law  requires,  and  in  many  cases  have 
entirely  neglected  to  make  any  report,  and  I  am  unable  to  give 
any  reliable  statistics  relative  to  the  number  of  schools,  teachers, 
or  pupils. 

I  have  distributed  to  the  County  Superintendents  copies  of 
the  school  law  and  blank  reports,  and  have  endeavored  to  have 
them  become  familiar  with  their  duties,  in  order  that  our  school 
system  might  be  rendered  uniform  throughout  all  the  counties  of 
the  Territory. 

In  the  execution  of  the  school  laws  I  find  several  defects,  to 
the  correction  of  which  I  would  respectfully  call  your  attention. 

The  law  requires  the  County  Superintendent  to  give  a  cer- 
tificate to  teachers  after  examination,  authorizing  them  to  teach  a 
public  school  in  his  county  for  one  year.  I  would  suggest  that 
the  law  be  so  amended  as  to  read  "  not  exceeding  one  year,"  and 
thus  leave  it  in  the  power  of  County  Superintendents  to  grant 
certificates  for  a  shorter  period  than  one  year. 

I  think  it  should  also  be  made  the  duty  of  the  County 
Superintendent  to  make  a  record  of  the  name,  age  and  date  of 


20  — 

examination,  of  all  persons  examined   by  them,  distinguishing 
between  those  to  whom  they  issue  certificates  and  those  rejected. 

The  county  shool  tax  is  now  apportioned  among  the  differ- 
ent school  districts,  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  persons 
therein  between  the  ages  of  5  to  21  years,  thus  giving  the  same 
proportions  of  money  to  districts  in  which  no  schools  are  held, 
as  to  those  which  maintain  schools  throughout  the  entire  year. 
I  would  suggest  that  the  law  be  amended  so  as  to  make  the 
number  of  pupils  attending  schools  in  the  district  for  the  previous 
year  the  basis  for  the  apportionment. 

Some  steps  should  be  taken  for  the  formation  of  District 
Libraries,  and  some  plan  devised  to  compel  the  Secretaries  of  the 
District  Boards  to  make  their  reports  to  the  County  Superintend- 
ents more  promptly,  and  some  penalty  prescribed  where  the 
County  Superintendents  fail  to  report  to  the  Territorial  Superin- 
tendent within  the  time  required  by  law. 

The  increasing  population  of  our  Territory  renders  it  impera- 
tive that  our  school  system  should  receive  attention,  and  that  the 
monies  collected  for  school  purposes  in  the  different  counties 
should  be  judiciously  applied. 

Some  appropriation  should  be  made  for  the  purpose  of 
printing  the  different  blanks  requisite  for  the  use  of  the  County 
Superintendents,  and  the  officers  of  the  District  Boards. 

I  would  recommend  to  your  honorable  body  the  propriety 
of  making  the  office  of  School  Superintendent  a  separate  and 
distinct  office,  as  our  population  and  large  increase  of  children  in 
the  Territory  seem  to  demand  that  the  office  of  School  Superin- 
tendent be  a  separate  office,  and  a  competent  Superintendent  of 
Public  In.struction  be  appointed  or  elected,  and  paid  a  sufficient 
salary  to  give  our  Territorial  school  system  his  individed  atten- 
tion. All  of  which  is  most  respectfully  submitted. 
Your  Obedient  Servant, 

Columbus  Nuckolls, 
School  SJiperintendent  of  Colorado. 


21  

The  chaotic  condition  of  school  affairs  continued  until  1870. 
It  was  no  uncommon  thing  for  the  school  funds  to  be  misappro- 
priated by  both  county  and  district  officers.  The  burden  of  the 
songs  of  nearly  all,  who  were  by  law  required  to  make  reports 
was  about  the  same:  "Lack  of  interest,"  "  My  predecessor  in 
office  has  left  no  records,"  "I  hope  to  get  matters  in  shape  so  as 
to  render  a  complete  account  next  year,"  "  School  matters  here 
are  in  a  very  bad  condition ;  for  the  past  two  years  the  County 
Commissioners  have  neglected  to  levy  a  school  tax,  hence  we 
have  no  money,"  etc.,  etc. 

The  successors  of  those  thus  reporting  would  write  to  the 
same  effect. 

From  the  fragmentary  documents  found  in  the  State  Super- 
intendent's office,  the  following  grains  of  interest  have  been 
gathered;  to  which  has  been  added,  so  far  as  the  same  could  be 
ascertained,  the  time  of  the  opening  of  the  first  school  and  of  the 
erection  of  the  first  school  house  in  each  county.  No  effort  has 
been  made  to  fix  these  initial  points  subsequent  to  the  year  1 870. 
The  important  events  that  have  occurred  since  the  year  named 
are  to  be  found  in  the  published  biennial  reports  of  the  several 
Superintendents  of  Public  Instruction,  hence  it  is  not  necessary 
to  chronicle  them  here. 

Arapahoe  County. — Omer  O.  Kent,  Superintendent,  reports, 
in  1869  :  Receipts  from  the  Treasurer  of  the  county,  $\  1,052.20  ; 
expenditures,  ;^7,824.07  ;  balance  on  hand,  ^3,228.13.  He  says  : 
"District  No.  i,  (East  Denver,)  has  at  times  been  paying  rent  for 
four  different  buildings,  and  for  the  most  of  the  time  the  late 
Board  was  acting,  three  buildings  have  been  used  for  school  pur- 
poses and  six  teachers  employed.  The  enumeration  of  the  county 
shows  the  number  of  persons  therein,  between  the  ages  of  5  and 
21  years,  to  be  1,139;  teachers  employed  in  the  county,  sixteen 
in  public  schools  and  nearly  as  many  more  in  seminaries  and 
private  schools." 

The  first  public  school  in  this  county  was  opened  in  the 
winter  of  1862,  and  was  taught  by  a  Mr.  Lamb  and  Miss  Indiana 
Sopris.      Mr.   O.   J.   Goldrick  kept  a  small  private  school  in  the 


—  22  — 

summer  of  1 859.  The  first  public  school  house  was  built  in 
1 87 1,  on  Arapahoe  street,  between  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth 
streets. 

Bent  County. — In  1869,  Miss  Mattie  Smith  taught  a  private 
school. 

Boulder    County. — Robert    J.    Woodward,    Superintendent, 

1868,  reported  thirteen  districts,  439  persons  of  school  age,  sal- 
aries from  ;^ 30  to  ;^  1 00  a  month. 

The  first  public  school  opened  in  i860,  Mr.  A.  R.  Brown, 
teacher.  Mr.  Brown  had  taught  a  private  school  the  winter 
before.  The  first  school  house  was  built  in  the  fall  of  i860. 
This  is  claimed  to  be  the  first  school  house  built  in  the  Territory 
— a  one-room  frame  building,  which  was  used  also  for  town  and 
church  purposes. 

Clear    Creek   County. — William    M.    Clark,    Superintendent, 

1869,  reported  amount  of  teachers'  fund  expended,  ;^2,050;  on 
hand,  ;^755.97;  number  of  schools,  5;  teachers  employed,  5; 
persons  of  school  age,  255  ;  attending  school,  157.  District  No. 
5  has  built  a  first-class  school  house  at  a  cost  of  ^2,300. 

Conejos  County. — The  Sisters  of  Loretto  kept  a  private 
school  in  1870. 

Custer  County. — The  first  school  was  opened  in  1870,  at  Col- 
fax, and  taught  by  William  Dyrenforth ;  in  the  same  year  was 
built  the  first  school  house. 

El  Paso  County. — R.  Douglass,  Superintendent,  1868, 
reported  6  districts,  235  persons  of  school  age,  salaries  of  teach- 
ers from  $4.0  to  ;^6o  per  month.  The  first  school  was  opened  at 
Colorado  City. 

Fremont  County. — W.  R.  Fowler,  Superintendent,  reported, 
1869,  7  districts,  180  persons  of  school  age,  salaries  from  $^0  to 
;^75  a  month,  and  "a  general  indifference  in  the  matter  of 
schools." 

Gilpin  County. — Thomas  Campbell  reported,  1868,  5  school 
districts,  639  persons  of  school  age,  i  school  house,  worth  ;^200, 
9  teachers,  salaries  from  %i^o  to  ^150  a  month.  The  first  school 
taught  in  this  county  was  a  private  school,  by  Miss  Ellen  F.  Ken- 


—  23  — 

dall,  in  her  father's  house,  in  the  fall  of  1862.  A  public  school 
was  soon  after  opened,  and  Miss  Kendall  gave  up  her 
school  to  assist  Mr.  Thomas  Campbell  in  its  management.  In 
this  county  was  built,  1870,  the  first  permanent  school  houses  in 
Colorado.  Central  City  built  a  granite  house  at  a  cost  of  ;^20,ooo, 
and  Black  Hawk,  a  frame,  costing  ;^i 5,000. 

Huerfano  County. — Benjamin  Doss,  Superintendent,  wrote, 
1869:  **  Being  the  first  Superintendent  in  the  County,  I  am  at  a 
loss  to  know  how  to  proceed.  *  *  *  I  have  formed  four 
districts,  two  of  them  have  schools." 

Jefferson  County. — M.  C.  Kirby,  Superintendent,  reported, 
1868,  10  districts,  429  persons  of  school  age,  salaries  from  1^33.33 
to  ;^87.50. 

The  first  school  (private)  was  taught  at  Golden  City,  in  the 
winter  of  i860,  by  Mr.  J.  Daugherty,  18  pupils  attended.  The 
first  public  school  was  opened  in  the  same  district,  in  1863,  taught 
by  Miss  Bell  Dixon.  In  1863  a  one-story  brick  school  house 
was  built,  which  was  used  also  by  the  Governor  as  an  office.  It 
was  burned,  and  another  was  built  on  the  site. 

Larimer  County. — James  M.  Smith,  Jr.,  Superintendent, 
reported,  1868,  3  school  districts,  75  persons  of  school  age,  and 
^160  on  hand.  The  first  school  (private)  was  taught  in  1864,  near 
the  present  site  of  Loveland,  by  Mrs.  A.  L.  Washburn ;  her  pat- 
rons paid  her  ;^io  a  month.  The  first  public  school  was  opened 
in  the  winter  of  1865,  near  Loveland,  and  taught  by  Mr.  Edward 
Smith.  In  1863  a  log  school  house  was  built  by  contributors  of 
labor  and  material.  La  Porte  also  opened  a  public  school  in 
1865. 

Park  County. — Louis  F.  Valiton,  Superintendent,  reports, 
1867,  that  he  has  just  been  appointed  to  fill  the  vacancy  occasioned 
by  the  resignation  of  H.  A.  W.  Tabor.  Oliver  P.  Allen,  Super- 
intendent, 1869,  reports  2  districts,  64  persons  of  school  age,  sal- 
aries from  $^0  to  $75  a  month. 

Pueblo  County. — Rev.  Charles  H.  Kirkbride,  Superintendent, 
reports,  1867,  301   persons  of  school  age,  i  school  of  38  pupils. 


—  24  — 

and  a  small  private  school.  '  The  first  school  in  the  county  was 
a  private  one,  kept  by  a  Mr.  Rickart,  in  1862;  the  first  pub- 
lic school  was  opened  in  1863 — both  in  Pueblo. 

Saguache  Coimty. — A.  C.  Patton,  Superintendent,  1869,  says: 
"  I  am  the  first  who  has  qualified  for  the  office  of  School  Super- 
intendent. *  *  *  There  are  now  30  children,  English  and  Span- 
ish, between  the  ages  of  5  and  21  years,  and  ;$500  in  the  hands 
of  the  County  Treasurer." 

Summit  County. — The  first  school  (private)  was  taught  in 
Lincoln  City,  in  1862,  by  W.  R.  Pollock.  The  first  public  school 
was  opened  in  Breckenridge,  in  the  summer  of  1870,  and  taught 
by  Mr.  Ira  Clark.  The  first  school  house  was  built  at  the  same 
time  and  place. 

Weld  County. — D.  J.  F'ulton,  Superintendent,  reported,  1868, 
10  districts,  61  persons  of  school  age,  and  ;^2,ooo  apportioned  to 
the  several  districts. 

Thus  has  the  story  of  Colorado's  early  schools  been  briefly 
told  up  to  the  year  1870.  With  this  year  there  seemed  to  have 
begun  a  new  era — a  transition,  as  it  were,  from  infancy  to  youth ; 
temporary  measures  and  temporary  structures  gave  way  to  per- 
manency. The  advent  of  the  railroad  this  year  seemed  like  a 
new  birth ;  the  effects  of  the  success  of  the  smelting  works  at 
Black  Hawk,  which  had  been  in  operation  two  years,  were  being 
felt.  Confidence  and  stability  began  to  supplant  doubt  and  make- 
shifts ;  it  had  been  completely  demonstrated  that  Colorado  was 
to  become  more  than  a  mere  mining  camp,  or  a  series  of  them. 
The  favorable  results  of  irrigation  had  demonstrated  beyond  a 
doubt  that  farming  was,  ultimately,  to  play  an  important  part 
in  the  settlement  of  this  region.  Irrigating  'canals  of  great 
extent  were  projected,  colonies  were  founded,  immigration 
increased,  and  all  circumstances  tended  towards  the  upbuilding  of 
a  great  commonwealth.  Costly  public  school  houses  sprang  up 
as  if  by  magic.  Following  those  of  Central  City  and  Black 
Hawk,  were  the  still  finer  structures  of  Denver,  Greeley,  Gol- 
den, Colorado  Springs  and  Georgetown.  Private  and  sectarian 
schools  and  seminaries  kept  pace  with  the  public  schools. 


i:^n 


•»  -.    ♦  -^ » 


—  25  — 

The  Legislature  of  1870  made  provision  for  a  State  School 
of  Mines,  to  be  located  at  Golden  City,  and  also  established  the 
office  of  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction.  The  act  provided 
that  the  Governor,  by  and  with  the  consent  of  the  Legislative 
Assembly,  should  appoint  a  suitable  person  to  said  office,  who 
should  hold  the  same  two  years  and  receive  a  salary  of  ^i,000  a 
year. 

By  virtue  of  this  enactment,  Governor  E.  M.  McCook  ap- 
pointed Wilbur  C.  Lothrop  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction. 
Superintendent  Lothrop  published  his  first  report  December  20, 
1 87 1,  covering  the  years  1 870-1.  Mr.  Lothrop  was  re-appointed 
to  the  office  by  Governor  Elbert,  in  1872,  and  continued  until 
July,  1873,  when  he  resigned,  and  Horace  M.  Hale  was  called  to 
the  vacancy.  In  1874  Governor  Elbert  re-appointed  Mr.  Hale, 
and  in  1876  Governor  Routt  continued  him  in  the  office,  which 
he  held  until  November,  1876,  when  Joseph  C.  Shattuck,  who 
had.  been  elected  by  the  people  under  the  provisions  of  the  State 
Constitution,  assumed  its  duties.  Mr.  Shattuck  was  again  elected 
in  1878.  In  1880  Leonidas  S.  Cornell  was  elected  to  the  office. 
In  1882  Mr.  Shattuck  again  was  chosen,  and  in  1884  Mr.  Cornell 
was  elected,  who  is  still  (1886)  the  incumbent. 

As  a  matter  of  convenient  reference,  in  the  future,  it  is  deemed 
best  to  give  here  the  line  of  succession  to  the  Superintendent's 
office,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  it  reaches  beyond  the  period 
intended  to  be  covered  by  this  narration. 

These  officers  have  all  published  biennial  reports,  giving  in 
detail  the  condition  and  progress  of  the  public  schools  during 
their  respective  administrations ;  hence  it  is  not  deemed  neces- 
sary to  continue  this  history  further.  In  1885,  during  the  admin- 
istration of  Horace  M  Hale  the  State  Teachers'  Association  was 
organized,  whose  proceedings,  at  each  of  its  annual  sessions,  it  is 
the  province  of  this  volume  to  record. 


ART 


II 


History  of  the  Colorado  State  Teachers' 
Association. 


1875-1885 


History  of  the  Association. 


The  history  of  the  Colorado  State  Teachers'  Association 
begins  with  December  28,  1875.  The  detailed  proceedings  of 
the  first  meeting  are  here  printed. 

Time  has  demonstrated  the  wisdom  and  intelHgence  of  the 
members  of  that  Association.  Questions  of  vital  moment  were 
asked  and  discussed.  Resolutions  embodying  the  sense  of  the 
assembly  were  the  basis  of  the  subsequent  action  of  the  State 
Constitutional  Convention  and  of  the  First  State  Legislature, 
and  every  recommendation  made  by.  the  State  Teachers'  Associa- 
tion at  that  time  was  accepted  by  the  State  constitutional  and 
legislative  bodies. 

That  the  public  school  system  of  Colorado  is  one  of  the 
best  in  the  land  is  generally  conceded  ;  the  heartiness  of  support 
from  the  people  of  the  State  is  one  great  cause  of  its  usefulness, 
but  without  the  forming  and  guiding  hand  of  men  and  women 
whose  education  and  experience  had  prepared  them  intelligently 
to  direct  the  initial  movements,  the  schools  of  Colorado  could 
not  have  reached  so  high  a  plane. 

The  list  of  members  herewith  presented  contains  the  names 
of  many  who  can  still  be  found  enrolled  as  teachers,  while  others 
have  drifted  from  that  vocation  to  other  lands  and  other  works. 

The  number  of  prominent  citizens  not  regularly  in  the  pro- 
fession that  took  part  in  the  proceedings  of  the  first  meeting, 
indicates  the  interest  of  the  public  at  that  time  in  the  common 
schools  of  Colorado. 

A  few  names  stand  out  bright  above  all  others,  noticeably 
that  of  Horace  M.  Hale,  the  then  Territorial  Superintendent,  the 
work  of  whose  hand  and  heart  is  evident  to-day  in  every  impor- 
tant result  in  the  educational  history  of  the  State.  Intimate  in 
the  beginning  with  the  needs  of  the  community,  and  with  intelli- 


—  30  — 

gence  and  judgment  unexcelled,  he  has  assisted  in  framing  and 
supporting  all  that  is  good  and  efficient  in  the  school  history  of 
Colorado.     He  was  the  first  President  of  the  Association. 
The  proceedings  of  the  first  meeting  are  here  detailed. 

High  School  Building,  \ 

Denver,  Colo,  December  28,  1875.  J 

In  pursuance  of  the  following  call  about  150  teachers  and 
friends  of  education,  of  Colorado,  met  in  convention  at  the  High 
School  building,  Denver,  December  28,  1875  : 

Office  Supt.  Public  Intsruction,      ^ 
Denver,  Colo  ,  November  25,  1875.  j 

On  the  28th  of  December,  proximo,  the  Superintendents, 
teachers  and  friends  of  public  schools  will  meet  in  convention  at 
the  High  School,  Denver,  and  remain  in  session  three  days. 
Questions  involving  the  welfare  of  our  school  system  will  be 
discussed  and  such  measures  adopted  as  may  tend  to  perfect  the 
same.  Especially  will  the  necessity  of  a  thorough  revision  of 
our  school  law  be  considered,  etc.,  etc.  A  State  Teachers'  Asso- 
ciation will  be  organized  and  a  portion  of  the  time  devoted  to 
institute  work. 

All  are  urgently  invited  to  be  present  and  to  use  their 
influence  to  induce  others,  both  male  and  female,  to  attend.  The 
meeting  will  be  an  important  one,  and,  doubtless,  one  of  profit  to 
those  attending.  We  hope  that  every  county  will  be  largely  and 
ably  represented. 

H.  M.  Hale, 
Supt.  Public  Instruction. 

The  convention  was  called  to  order  at  2  o'clock  p.  m.  by 
Hon.  H.  M.  Hale,  Territorial  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion. 

The  doxology,  commencing  with  **  Praise  God,  from  whom 
all  blessings  flow,"  was  then  sung  by  the  audience,  Miss  Nannie 
O.  Smith  presiding  at  the  piano. 


—  31  — 

Prayer  was  offered  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Lord,  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church. 

The  audience  then  joined  in  singing  the  ever  popular  song 

of  America, 

"  My  country  'tis  of  thee, 
Sweet  land  of  liberty. " 

Superintendent  Hale  then  addressed  the  convention,  stating 
the  object  for  which  the  call  had  been  issued.  His  highest 
anticipations  were  more  than  realised,  in  regard  to  the  number 
and  character  of  those  who  had  personally  responded  to  his  call. 
Certainly  no  stronger  evidence  could  be  adduced  that  Colorado 
has  earnest  and  capable  workers  in  the  great  cause  of  popular 
education.  It  was  not  intended  that  this  should  be  a  meeting  for 
what  more  properly  belongs  to  institute  work,  but  if,  after  the  con- 
vention work  was  completed,  there  was  found  time  for  such  work, 
topics  would  be  discussed  and  class  work  presented.  The  princi- 
pal object  was  to  gather  from  different  minds  and  experience, 
plans  for  future  action ;  to  agree,  if  possible,  upon  some  course 
that  would  tend  to  unify  the  school  system  of  the  State ;  that  all 
might  labor  to  accomplish  the  same  end,  and  thus  exert  an 
influence  that  should  be  potent.  This  was  the  critical  time  in 
the  history  of  Colorado  for  laying  a  foundation  of  the  public 
school  system,  broad  and  deep,  and  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
endure  for  all  coming  time.  A  pretty  fair  system  was  already 
established,  but  it  was  not  sufficiently  comprehensive ;  it  had 
answered  the  purpose  very  well  up  to  the  present  time,  but  now 
Colorado  had  outgrown  it  and  demanded  more.  The  present 
foundation  was  not  such  an  one  as  a  wise  architect  would  choose 
upon  which  to  build  an  enduring  superstructure.  We  wanted 
liberal  provisions  incorporated  into  the  State  Constitution  that 
should  render  the  school  system  secure  and  efficient ;  we  wanted 
a  State  Teachers'  Association  that  should  meet  annually  and  dis- 
cuss theories  pertaining  to  educational  methods,  and  problems 
evolved  from  practical  school  work.  Our  school  law  should  be 
thoroughly  revised,  and  this  assemblage  of  educators,  who  cer- 
tainly ought  to  know  our  wants,  should  take  such  action  as  would 


—  32  — 

tend  to  bring  the  matter  before  our  legislators.  County  Superin- 
tendents should  organize,  in  their  respective  counties,  Teachers' 
Institutes,  and  engage  competent  instructors  to  conduct  the  same, 
to  the  end  that  young  teachers  might  be  instructed,  by  those  of 
large  experience,  as  to  the  best  methods  of  carrying  on  the  every 
day  class  work,  and  of  disciplining  the  school. 

The  Superintendent  earnestly  hoped  that  as  a  result  of  this 
meeting  the  initial  steps  would  be  taken  that  would  ultimately 
lead  to  the  accomplishment  of  all  that  had  been  suggested.  He 
then  welcomed  those  who  were  present  from  abroad  tendering  in 
behalf  of  the  Denver  teachers  and  their  friends  the  hospitalities 
of  their  homes,  and  left  the  Convention  to  its  own  deliberations. 

A  motion  was  made  and  carried  to  proceed  to^the  temporary 
organization,  with  Mr.  Hale  as  Chairman. 

Aaron  Gove  was  selected  as  temporary  Secretary,  and  Miss 
Sara  A.  Scott,  of  Pueblo,  and  Miss  Estelle  Freeman,  of  Denver, 
as  Assistant  Secretaries. 

A  resolution  was  then  passed  that  the  Convention  proceed  to 
the  organization  of  a  State  Teachers'  Association. 

Mr.  Gove  moved  that  a  committee  of  five  be  appointed  by 
the  Chair  to  draft  the  necessary  documents  for  such  Associa- 
tion, to  report  at  9  o'clock  to-morrow,  which  was  carried. 

Mr.  C.  E.  Parks  moved  that  a  committee  on  programme  for 
to-morrow  and  next  day,  consisting  of  five  members,  be  appointed, 
which  was  carried,  and  Mr.  Parks  was  appointed  Chairman. 

Prof  Haskell  thought  it  very  important  to  raise  the  question 
'*  What  can  be  done  to  make  our  school  system  operative  upon 
the  Spanish-speaking  people  of  the  Territory?"  They  constituted 
one  third  of  our  population,  and  it  was  very  important  that  some- 
thing should  be  done,  whether  by  committee  or  otherwise. 

After  further  discussion,  on  motion  of  Prof  Haskell,  a  com- 
mittee of  three,  to  consider  the  question  and  report  to  the  Con- 
vention in  the  future,  was  raised. 

A  committee  of  five  on  reception  was  then  appointed  by  the 
Chair  as  follows :  Mr.  Donaldson,  Miss  Smith,  Miss  Freeman, 
Miss   Peabody  and  Miss  Collier. 


^-^M^^^^Z^T^L  C/I^^^^^ 


^. 


* ' «    -•- 


—  33  — 

An  intermission  of  fifteen  minutes  was  then  taken  for  gen- 
eral handshaking  and  acquaintanceship. 

Mr.  Gove  moved  that  the  committee  on  programme  be 
requested  to  place  on  their  list  the  lecture  by  Judge  Belford,  and 
poem  by  W.  E.  Pabor,  of  Greeley,  for  Thursday  evening ;  a  soci- 
able for  Thursday  evening,  to  close  the  exercises,  and  that  the 
Wednesday  afternoon  exercises  be  held  at  the  Broadway  school. 

After  considerable  discussion, --the  three  branches  of  the 
motion  were  carried,  the  place  of  meeting  to-morrow  evening 
designated  as  Maennerchor  Hall. 

On  motion,  Mr.  D.  Hurd,  Chairman  of  the  committee  on 
education  in  the  Constitutional  Convention,  was  invited  to  address 
the  Convention,  and  stated  that  the  committee  were  waiting  for 
this  body  to  give  them  the  cue,  and  that  the  action  of  the  Asso- 
ciation would  be  duly  weighed  and  acted  upon.  He  hoped  the 
Association  would  appoint  a  committee  to  confer  with  the  Stand- 
ing Committee  of  the  Constitutional  Convention ;  such  a  matter 
had  been  proposed  before  his  committee. 

A  motion  was  made  that  a  committee  be  appointed  to  report 
as  to  the  best  method  of  improving  the  present  school  system. 

Mr.  Seybold,  of  Pueblo,  offered  a  substitute.  Mr.  Gove 
moved  that  consideration  of  the  whole  subject  be  postponed,  and 
made  the  special  order  for  lo  o'clock  to-morrow,  which  was  car- 
ried. 

The  Chairman  announced  the  committees  as  follows  : 

On  Programme — Messrs.  Parks  and  Donaldson,  Miss  Ran- 
dall, Mr.  Henry  and  Mr.  Carpenter. 

On  Organization — Messrs.  Gove,  Orr,  Groesbeck,  Davis  and 
Baker. 

On  Spanish-speaking  Pupils,  etc. — Messrs.  Haskell,  Sloane 
and  l^rown. 

The  Convention  then  adjourned. 


34  — 


Wednesday,  December  29,  1875. 

Convention  was  called  to  order  at  9  a.  m.  by  the  President. 

Prayer  was  offered  by  Rev.  J.  M.  Sturtevant,  which  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  Italian  hymn,  the  members  joining  heartily  in  the 
singing. 

The  report  of  Committee  on  Programme,  as  submitted  by 
Mr.  Frank  Carpenter,  of  Georgetown,  was  then  read  and 
adopted. 

Mr.  Gove,  from  the  Committee  on  Organization,  read  the 
following  preamble  and  constitution  of  the  "  Colorado  Teachers' 
Association,"  which  was  adopted  : 

PREAMBLE. 

Resolved,  That  we,  the  teachers  of  Colorado,  in  convention 
assembled,  in  order  to  advance  the  interests  of  education  and  to 
diffuse  a  professional  and  friendly  spirit  among  the  teachers  of 
the  commonwealth,  do  now  and  hereby  form  a  State  Teachers' 
Association. 

CONSTITUTION. 

Article  I.  This  Association  shall  be  called  the  Colorado 
Teachers'  Association. 

Art.  II.  The  Association  shall  hold  its  meetings  annually. 
Special  meetings  may  be  called  at  any  time  by  the  President,  at 
the  written  request  of  the  Executive  Committee. 

Art.  III.  The  officers  of  this  Association  shall  consist  of 
a  President,  one  Vice-President  from  each  judicial  district,  one 
Vice  President  at  large,  a  Secretary,  two  Assistant  Secretaries,  a 
Treasurer  and  an  Executive  Committee  of  three,  all  of  whom 
shall  be  elected  annually  and  shall  hold  their  offices  until  their 
successors  are  elected. 

Art.  IV.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  President  to  preside  at 
the  regular  meetings   of  the  Association,   and   to  attend  to  the 


—  35  — 

duties  incumbent   upon  said   office ;  and  some  one  of  the  Vice- 
Presidents  shall  preside  in  case  of  his  absence. 

A.RT.  V.  The  duties  of  Secretaries  and  Treasurer  shall  be 
such  as  usually  pertain  to  those  offices. 

Art.  VI.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  determine  the 
duration  of  the  annual  meetings,  arrange  for  the  literary  exer- 
cises, prepare  programmes,  maks  tejms  with  railroads  and  deter- 
mine the  time  and  place  of  meeting,  when  the  same  has  not  been 
indicated  by  the  Association.  They  shall  hold  one  meeting  dur- 
ing the  year,  at  such  time  and  place  as  the  Chairman  may 
select 

Art.  VII.  This  Association  shall  consist  of  teachers  and  of 
State,  county,  township  and  district  school  officers  in  Colorado ; 
each  member  shall  sign  the  constitution  and  pay  one  dollar  annu- 
ally. Honorary  members  may  be  elected  at  any  annual  meeting, 
and  may  participate  in  the  debates,  but  not  be  entitled  to  vote. 

Art.  VIII.  All  officers  shall  be  elected  by  ballot,  except 
when  otherwise  ordered  by  the  Association.  A  majority  of  the 
votes  shall  elect. 

Art.  IX.  This  constitution  may  be  altered  or  amended  by 
a  vote  of  three-fourths  of  its  members  present  at  any  regular  meet- 
ing of  the  Association. 

BY-LAWS. 

I.  The  Standing  Committees  shall  be  composed  of  five 
members  each,  and  shall  be  appointed  annually  by  the  Chair. 
They  shall  be  as  follows  : 

1.  Committee  on  Finance. 

2.  ('ommittee  on  Resolutions. 

3.  Committee  on  School  Law. 

II.  The  duties  of  the  Standing  Committees  shall  be  those 
indicated  by  their  titles. 

III.  During  debate  this  Association  shall  conform  to  the 
laws  of  deliberative  bodies  generally. 


-36- 

A  motion  was  made  and  carried  that  all  persons  who  had 
assembled  under  the  call  should  be  considered  as  members  of  the 
Association  until  it  adjourns. 

A  motion  also  prevailed  that  the  present  officers  of  the  Con- 
vention be  hereby  declared  officers  of  the  Association  for  the  cur- 
rent year. 

The  election  of  Treasurer  being  in  order,  a  motion  was 
carried  that  the  choice  be  made  by  acclamation.  L.  G.  A.  Copley, 
of  Colorado  Springs,  was  then  elected  unanimously. 

A  motion  was  made  to  make  the  Association  an  incorpor- 
ated body.  The  matter  was  referred  to  the  Committee  on  School 
Laws. 

•  Mr.  Gove  moved  that  all  be  invited  to  attend  the  meetings 
and  participate  in  the  debate,  and  that  all  so  participating  be 
hereby  elected  honorary  members  of  the  Association.  Carried 
unanimously. 

Mr.  Hale  announced  that  Colonel  Ellsworth,  President  of 
the  Street  Railway  Company,  invited  the  members  to  ride  on 
the  cars  to  and  from  the  Broadway  School  during  the  afternoon. 

The  following  resolution,  submitted  yesterday  by  Mr. 
Seybold,  of  Pueblo,  came  up  as  the  special  order  : 

Resolved,  That  a  standing  committee  of  seven,  consisting  of 
the  Territorial  Superintendent  of  Public  In.struction  and  six 
others  whom  he  shall  appoint,  be  instructed  to  confer  with  the 
Educational  Committee  of  the  Constitutional  Convention,  on  the 
educational  provisions  that  should  be  incorporated  in  the  consti- 
tution of  the  State  of  Colorado,  and  with  the  Educational  Com- 
mittee of  the  Territorial  Legislature. 

Mr.  Seybold  remarked  that  the  nature  of  the  work  would  be 
left  to  the  judgment  of  the  committee. 

Mr.  Morehouse  would  like  the  resolution  better,  if  it 
appointed  the  Territorial  Superintendent  Chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee, with  power  to  select  his  six  associates. 

Mr.  Seybold  responded  that  such  was  the  intent  of  the  reso- 
lution. 


—  37  — 

Mr.  Griffin  would  inquire  if  that  would  not  be  placing  too 
much  power  in  the  hands  of  the  Territorial  Superintendent? 

Mr.  Goff  thought  it  would  be  too  expensive  for  seven  men 
to  stop  in  Denver  and  confer  with  the  bodies  named.  It  was  the 
general  rule  for  such  associations  to  discuss  and  adopt  resolutions, 
and  thus  give  legislative  bodies  certain  points  to  act  upon. 

Mr.  Hale,  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  remarked 
that  if  the  Territorial  Superintendent  and  County  Superintend- 
ents did  not  know  the  wants  of  the  different  counties  and  the 
whole  Territory,  he  could  not  tell  who  did  know  them.  Letters 
had  been  frequent  recommending  changes  in  the  school  law. 
Some  time  ago  a  bill  had  been  drafted  and  presented  to  the 
Legislature,  but  it  was  objected  that  the  bill  gave  too  much 
power  to  the  Territorial  Superintendent,  and  it  was  defeated.  He 
would  state,  however,  that  he  would  make  up  the  committee 
from  County  Superintendents  and  district  officers. 

Mr.  Shattuck  thought  the  resolution  incomplete.  A  com- 
mittee would  be  appointed  to  work,  but  no  suggestion  had  been 
made  to  the  Association  as  to  what  changes  in  the  school  law 
should  be  made.  He  thought  two  committees  should  be 
appointed,  one  to  confer  with  the  convention,  and  the  other  with 
the  Legislature,  to  report  to-morrow  the  skeleton,  or  leading 
features  of  desired  changes. 

Mr.  Buell  stated  that  he  had  attended  the  convention  more 
particularly  to  engage  in  the  discussion  of  the  school  law.  If 
something  was  not  submitted  to  the  Legislature  by  which  that 
body  could  reform  the  defects  in  the  present  law,  the  great  object 
of  the  convention  would  be  defeated.  He  moved  to  amend  the 
resolution  so  the  committee  would  report  at  ten  to-morrow  the 
skeleton  of  the  provisions  they  would  recommend  to  the  Legisla- 
ture, which  was  accepted,  and  the  resolution  passed. 

Mr.  Gove  offered  the  following : 

Resolved,  That  the  committee  that  hereafter  may  be  appointed 
to  confer  with  the  Committee  on  Education  in  the  Constitutional 
Convention  be  asked  to  urge  upon  their  attention  the  following 
points :     The  school  fund  shall  be  sacredly  preserved  intact,  the 


-38- 

interest  on  the  same,  only,  to  be  expended ;  the  sale  of  such  lands 
as  may  be  given  to  the  State  for  educational  purposes  shall  be 
postponed,  to  the  end  that  the  proceeds,  in  time,  may  perhaps  be 
sufficient  to  maintain  public  schools  without  taxation ;  the  consti- 
tution shall  make  it  the  duty  of  the  Legislature  to  provide  for 
the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  a  uniform  system  of 
schools,  including  elementary,  normal,  preparatory  and  university 
departments,  such  schools  to  be  free  to  all  residents  of  the  State  ; 
to  provide  for  the  offices  of  State  and  County  Superintendents ; 
to  provide  for  the  establishment  of  libraries ;  to  provide  for  the 
care  and  education  of  the  blind,  mute  and  feeble  minded ;  to 
provide  for  the  establishment  of  a  reform  school ;  to  cause  all 
instruction  to  be  imparted  through  the  medium  of  the  English 
language  ;  to  exclude  sectarianism,  as  is  set  forth  as  follows  in 
Article  VIII,  Section  3,  of  the  Illinois  Constitution  :  *'  Neither  the 
General  Assembly  nor  any  county,  city,  town,  township,  school 
district  or  other  public  corporation,  shall  ever  make  any  appro- 
priation, or  pay  from  any  public  fund  whatever,  anything  in  aid 
of  any  church  or  any  sectarian  purpose,  or  to  help  support  or 
sustain  any  school,  academy,  seminary,  college,  university  or 
other  literary  or  scientific  institution  controlled  by  any  church  or 
sectarian  denomination  whatever;  nor  shall  any  grant  or  donation 
of  land,  money  or  other  personal  property  ever  be  made  by  the 
State  for  any  church  or  for  any  sectarian  purpose." 

Mr.  Wilbur  took  the  floor  and  presented  his  views  at  length 
as  to  what  reforms  were  needed  in  the  school  laws. 

Professor  Haskell  moved  that  Mr.  Wilbur's  paper  be  respect- 
fully referred  to  Hon.  Daniel  Hurd,  on  its  own  merits,  for  the  use 
or  benefit  of  the  Committee  on  Education  in  the  Constitutional 
Convention,  which  was  carried 

Further  consideration  of  Mr.  Gove's  resolutions  was  post- 
poned until  1 1  o'clock  to-morrow. 

Prof  Haskell,  from  the  Committee  on  Education  of  Spanish 
Children,  reported  resolutions  : 

Whereas,  In  the  opinion  of  this  Convention,  it  is  the  pro- 
vince of  a  proper  school  system  in  this  country  to  provide  the 


—  39  — 

means  of  a  common  English  education  to  all  our  children  and 
youth,  of  whatever  rank,  race  or  sect,  and 

Whereas,  It  is  evident  from  the  Superintendent's  report, 
and  from  other  sources,  that  our  system  is  practically  inoperative 
among  a  large  portion  of  the  Spanish  speaking  people  of  Southern 
Colorado,  therefore 

Resolved,  That  we  hereby  respectfully  ask  the  Constitutional 
Convention  and  both  branches  of  Our  Legislature  to  take  this 
subject  into  kind  and  special  consideration. 

Resolved,  That  our  City  School  Boards  would  be  doing  a 
public  favor  by  inviting  the  Spanish  youth  to  attend  their  High 
Schools  free  from  tuitional  charges,  with  the  hope  that  some  of 
them  may  become  useful  teachers  in  public  schools,  and  that  the 
Spanish  language  may  with  propriety  be  taught,  without  charge^ 
as  the  French  and  English  now  are. 

Resolved,  That  we  commend  the  study  and  colloquial  use  of 
the  Spanish  language  to  our  teachers  as  a  means  of  personal 
culture,  and  a  source  of  probable  usefulness  and  pleasure. 

Resolved,  That  a  popular  compendium  of  our  school  system 
and  its  modes  of  usefulness  to  the  rising  generation  of  American 
citizens  of  all  classes  should  be  prepared  and  published  in  Spanish, 
and  circulated  among  that  class  of  our  fellow  citizens  in  whose 
behalf  this  report  is  more  especially  made. 

Consideration  was  postponed  until  10:45  to-morrow. 

President  Hale  here  announced  the  following  standing  com- 
mittees : 

Finance — Messrs.  Donaldson,  Harrington,  Davis,  Buell  and 
Carpenter. 

School  Laws — Messrs.  Shattuck,  Millington,  Baker,  More- 
house and  Groesbeck. 

Resolutions — Mr.  Copley,  Miss  Washburn,  Miss  Smith,  Mr. 
Brown  and  Mr.  Orr. 

Association  adjourned  to  meet  at  the  Broadway  School  at 
1 :  30  o'clock. 


40 


AFTERNOON    SESSION. 


A  majority  of  the  members  of  the  Association  accepted  the 
invitation  of  Superintendent  Ellsworth,  of  the  Street  Railway 
lines,  and  were  conveyed  to  the  new  Broadway  School,  where  the 
afternoon  session  was  held. 

It  was  2  o'clock  before  the  services  were  opened  with  a 
chant,  "  The  Lord's  Prayer." 

This  was  followed  by  an  essay  by  Mr.  W.  A.  Henry,  of 
Boulder,  on  "  My  Hobby — A  Plea  for  a  Happier  Method  of 
Teaching  in  our  Common  Scools." 

Mr.  Hale  was  of  opinion  that  the  leading  and  most  admirable 
sentiment  of  the  essay  was  to  teach  pupils  the  beauties  of  good 
books,  so  that  they  would  be  hungry  for  more  of  them. 

Mr.  Henry  added  that,  in  country  towns  where  there  were  no 
public  libraries,  all  good  books  which  the  owners  were  willing  to 
lend  should  be  collected  and  distributed  among  the  pupils.  They 
were  doing  that  in  Boulder  with  great  success. 

Mr.  Boyd  remarked  that  the  great  danger  was  that,  in  culti- 
vating the  taste  for  literature,  it  was  so  apt  to  chain  the  attention 
that  the  study  in  the  school  room  would  be  endangered. 

Superintendent  Hale,  in  alluding  to  portions  of  the  essay, 
instanced  a  school  house  which  had  recently  been  erected, 
wherein  the  school  rooms  were  but  twenty  feet  square,  and  yet 
were  seated  for  forty  pupils.  The  unhealthfulness  of  such  rooms, 
so  contracted  simply  to  save  money,  might  be  inquired  into  by 
some  school  directors  whom  he  saw  present.  The  accommoda- 
tion afforded  to  each  pupil  in  that  structure  was  but  one-half 
that  furnished  in  the  Broadway  building,  and  yet  every  one  could  . 
see  the  latter  was  not  too  roomy  for  the  comfort  and  health  of 
the  pupils. 

A  motion  was  made  and  carried  that  the  essay  reflected  the 
sentiments  of  the  Association,  and  that  the  same  be  handed  to 
the  Secretary  for  publication. 

The  same  disposition,  on  motion,  was  made  of  Mr.  Henry's 
essay  on  reading. 


—  41  — 

Mr.  Copley  moved  that  the  Association  proceed  to  the  con- 
sideration of  the  resolutions  offered  by  Mr.  Gove  in  the  morn- 
ing, which  was  carried. 

Mr.  Boyd  moved  that  the  topics  be  taken  up  by  sections. 
The  first  section,  that  the  school  fund  be  sacredly  preserved 
intact,   and  the   interest  only  expended,    was    adopted    without 
debate. 

The  section  that  the  Constitutional  Convention  be  asked  to 
postpone  the  sale  of  the  lands  given  to  the  State  for  educational 
purposes  until  such  time  as  the  interest  of  the  fund  shall  support 
the  schools  without  taxation,  was  taken  up.  Several  members 
were  of  opinion  that  the  money  would  increase  faster  by  selling 
the  lands  and  placing  the  fund  on  interest. 

Mr.  Hurd  thought  that  some  provision  should  be  made  so 
that  proper  safeguards  would  be  thrown  around  the  sale  ot  the 
lands.  He  thought  that  the  lands,  if  sold  now,  would  return  very 
little  revenue ;  but  in  time  would  furnish  a  fund  sufficient  to  edu- 
cate all  the  children  of  the  State. 

Professor  Haskell  stated  that  the  question  was  a  complicated 
one,  and  if  the  section  was  passed  it  might  do  a  great  deal  of 
damage.  He  referred  to  cases  where  a  portion  of  school  sec- 
tions, or  school  property,  could  be  sold,  and  by  the  improvements 
thus  secured  the  residuum  would  be  increased  in  value  to  an 
amount  greater  than  the  original  value  of  the  whole  property. 

Mr.  Gove  replied  that  there  was  nothing  in  the  resolution  to 
prevent  the  leasing  of  such  property. 

The  discussion  continued  in  the  same  vein  for  half  an  hour, 
when  a  motion  to  lay  the  section  on  the  table  was  made  and 
lost. 

The  section  was  then  adopted. 

The  section  requesting  the  Constitutional  Conv^ention  to 
require  a  uniform  system  of  free  schools,  was  adopted. 

The  section  providing  for  the  ofiBces  of  State  and  County 
Superintendents  was  passed. 

Also,  the  one  providing  for  public  libraries. 


—  42  — 

Also,  providing  for  the  education  of  the  bhnd,  mute  and 
feeble  minded. 

Also,  the  article  providing  for  a  Reform  School. 

Also,  to  cause  all  instruction  to  be  imparted  through  the 
medium  of  the  English  language. 

The  provision  excluding  sectarianism,  and  adopting  the  pro- 
vision of  the  Illinois  constitution,  was  postponed  until  to-morrow. 

An  invitation  to  the  night  exercises  at  Ma^nnerchor  Hall  was 
cordially  extended  to  all  in  attendance. 

The  Association  then  adjourned  until  9  o'clock  to-morrow  at 
the  High  School  building. 


EVENING    SESSION. 

The  attendance  at  Maennerchor  Hall  was  both  an  ovation  to 
the  Teachers'  Association  and  to  the  school  authorities  who 
had  planned  the  exercises.  About  7  o'clock  the  stream  of  peo- 
ple commenced  pouring  into  the  hall,  until  every  available  seat 
was  occupied  with  the  first  citizens  of  Denver  and  the  visitors  to 
the  Convention.  The  difficulty  in  providing  for  the  vast  throng 
prevented  the  opening  of  proceedings  earlier  than  7:45  o'clock, 
when  Mr.  Hale,  President  of  the  Teachers'  Association,  ascended 
the  platform  and  after  apologizing  for  the  necessity  of  dispensing 
with  the  music  promised  in  the  programme,  remarked  that  he 
desired  to  allude  to  the  object  of  the  present  Convention,  and  to 
say  a  word  in  behalf  of  the  public  schools.  He  stated  that  there 
were  20,000  school  children  in  the  Territory,  and  yet  during  the 
past  year  only  one-half  that  number  had  entered  a  school  room^ 
and  only  one-half  of  that  half  had  attended  school  116  days  in 
the  year.  This  fact  of  itself  showed  that  there  was  something 
egregiously  wrong,  and  that  the  interest  in  education  should  be 
increased.  Hence  the  Convention  had  been  called  to  draw  the 
attention  of  the  people  to  the  facts  as  they  existed.  No  motives 
of  selfishness  or  personal  benefit  had  brought  these  teachers 
together.     "  Why,"  said  he,  "  I  know  a  school  district  in  the  Ter- 


—  43  — 

ritory  where  300  school  children  are   resident,  and  yet  but  fifty  of 
them  have  attended  school  during  the  past  year." 

The  people  should  give  the  matter  their  earnest  attention, 
and  see  if  more  encouragement  and  practical  aid  could  not  be 
given  in  those  districts  where  school  houses  are  building,  and 
where  efforts  are  making  to  increase  the  interest  in  the  education 
of  the  children.  That  had  been  the  object  of  the  Convention, 
and  was  the  aim  of  the  present  entertainment.  He  then  intro- 
duced to  the  vast  audience  Mr.  W.  E.  Pabor,  of  Greeley,  who 
would  recite  a  poem,  and  Judge  Belford,  of  Central,  who  would 
deliver  an  address. 


THURSDAY  S    SESSION. 

Previous  to  the  opening  of  the  regular  session.  President 
Hale  remarked  that  before  callmg  the  meeting  to  order  he  had  a 
few  suggestions  to  make.  He  desired  authority  to  appoint  the 
Committee  of  Conference  on  the  School  Law  rather  early,  and  he 
wished  to  meet  the  County  Superintendents  after  the  ses- 
sion of  the  afternoon.  There  was  so  much  business  to  be  trans- 
acted during  the  day  that  he  hoped  each  member  would  put  in 
the  time  to  the  best  advantage,  without  unnecessary  talking.  He 
was  very  anxious  to  finish  the  work  as  it  had  been  begun,  and 
suggested  the  programme  as  made  out  for  the  day  be  waived  that 
this  might  be  accomplished. 

The  session  was  opened  with  prayer  by  Rev.  Mr.  Stewart,  of 
Golden,  and  the  singing  of  the  "  Portugese  Hymn." 

On  motion,  the  programme  made  out  for  the  day  was 
waived. 

Mr.  Gove  remarked  that  he  knew  from  experience  that  it  was 
pleasant  for  Teachers'  Associations  to  receive  congratulatory 
words  from  sister  bodies.  The  Illinois  State  Teachers'  Associa- 
tion was  now  in  session  at  Rock  Island.  He  therefore  moved 
that  the  Colorado  body  should  authorize  the  President  to  send  a 
congratulatory  telegram  to  the  Illinois  Association,  which  was 
carried  unanimously. 


—  44  — 

Mr.  Hale  sent  the  following  message : 

IV.  B^.  Poivell,  President   Illinois    State    Teachers    Association,  in 

Session  at  Rock  Island,  Illinois  : 

The  mountains  to  the  valley,  greeting.     Our  initial  meeting. 

One  hundred  teachers  present. 

H.  M.  Hale, 

President  Colorado   Teachers    Association. 

President  Hale  received  the  following  response  to  his  tel- 
egram : 

Rock  Island,  Ills.,  Dec.  30,  4  p.  m. 
H.  M.  Hale,  President  Colorado  Teachers'  Association  : 

The  teachers  of  Illinois  return  greeting  to  their  brethren  on 
the  mountains.     Your's  is  a  grand  birth,  on  the  eve  of  a  new  76. 

W.  B.  Powell, 
President  Illinois  State  Teachers'  Association. 

Mr.  Wilbur  moved  that  the  Association  take  up  the  discus- 
sion of  the  ninth  section  of  Mr.  Gove's  resolution,  prohibiting 
sectarianism  in  public  schools,  which  was  carried. 

Mr.  Wilbur  moved  that  the  President  be  invited  to  partici- 
pate in  the  discussion,  which  was  carried. 

Mr.  Boyd  moved  the  adoption  of  the  last  section  of  the  res- 
olution, prohibiting  sectarianism. 

Mr.  Copley  moved  to  amend  the  section  by  authorizing  the 
Legislature  "  to  prohibit  the  exclusion  of  the  Bible." 

Mr.  Boyd  offered  as  a  substitute  the  following : 

"  That  the  Legislature  pass  such  laws  as  will  completely  sec- 
ularize education." 

Mr.  Gove  was  sorry  that  the  question  of  the  introduction  of 
the  Bible  into  the  public  schools  had  been  raised,  and  he  was 
confident  that  after  three  hours'  discussion  the  views  of  no  mem- 
ber will  be  changed,  and  also  that  no  measure  passed  by  this 
Association  would  influence  any  member  of  either  the  Conven- 
tion or  the  Legislature.  He  knew  the  sentiment  of  the  people  on 
the  subject  was  very  much  divided,  but  tha<-  sentiment  was 
decided,  and  the  matter  should  be  left  to  the  Convention. 


—  45  — 

Mr.  Boyd  was  just  as  willing  as  any  one  to  leave  the  matter 
to  the  Constitutional  Convention.  He  had  offered  the  sub.stitute 
merely  to  place  the  matter  on  a  clear  basis.  The  word  "sectarian- 
ism" was  ambiguous,  but  the  word  "secularize"  was  not. 

Mr.  Copley  said  the  amendment  had  been  offered  in  order  that 
the  sentiment  of  the  teachers  might  be  gained.  He  wanted  to 
know  whether  the  motto  of  the  school  room  .should  be  "  Nothing 
Without  God,"  or  "  Nothing  With^^God."  He  was  willing  to 
take  the  vote  on  the  matter  just  now. 

Mr.  Goff  said  the  word  "secularize"  had  one  merit.  All 
could  know  what  it  meant.  It  takes  all  religion  out  of  merely 
education,  and  that  goes  further  than  taking  the  Bible  out  of  the 
schools.  It  expunges  religion  from  all  history  and  all  branches 
of  education. 

Miss  Merritt  remarked  that  to  exclude  the  Bible  from  the 
avenues  of  education  would  be  to  exclude  general  history,  as  the 
Bible  was  the  foundation  upon  which  all  laws  rested.  There 
should  be  some  decided  standard  upon  which  the  morals  of  the 
child  could  stand. 

JR.ev.  Mr.  Bliss  was  about  speaking,  when  Mr.  Shattuck 
raised  the  point  that  the  .special  order  for  lo  o'clock,  which  hour 
had  arrived,  was  the  appointment  of  the  committee  to  confer  with 
the  Constitutional  Convention  and  the  Legislature.  His  point 
was  sustained,  and  the  President  announced  the  following  as  the 
committee : 

H.  M.  Hale,  Chairman;  J.  C.  Shattuck,  Aaron  Gove,  P.  PI 
Morehouse,  J.  B.  Groesbeck,  W   A.  Donaldson  and  T.  A.  Sloane. 

Rev.  Mr.  Bliss  then  .ssid  that  he  believed  as  much  as  any 
one  in  the  doctrine  of  .separating  church  and  State  in  its  true 
interpretation ;  still,  he  also  believed  that  the  Bible  was  the 
foundation  of  all  morals,  and  the  foundation  upon  which  the 
American  republic  was  erected.  Good  citizens  could  not  be 
made  by  making  them  pagans.  Pagan  republics  must  always 
die.  The  question  affected  the  very  life  of  the  Nation.  He  was 
opposed  to  sectarianism  in  the  schools  and  against  dividing  the 


-46-      . 

school  money,  but  the  matter  of  the  use  of  the  Bible  in  the 
schools  affected  him  as  a  citizen  and  a  tax  payer,  in  so  far  as  it 
inculcated  good  morals. 

Mr.  Shattuck,  in  referring  to  the  formal  reading  of  the 
Bible  in  the  schools,  and  the  fact  that  such  routine  work  had 
little  to  do  with  the  inculcation  of  good  morals  and  true 
reverence  for  religion,  gave  a  short  history  of  the  St.  Louis 
public  schools,  where  the  subject  had  been  ignored,  and  the 
success  and  thoroughness  of  which  schools  were  not  excelled 
in  the  country. 

Mr.  Haskell  offered  the  following  substitute: 

Resolved,  That  no  law  shall  be  passed  requiring  the  daily 
reading  of  the  Bible  in  the  public  schools,  nor  to  exclude  it 
therefrom. 

Mr.  Hale  thought  the  discussion  had  proceeded  far  enough, 
as  there  were  other  more  practical  questions,  such  as  the  pro- 
posed amendments  to  the  school  law,  and  although  he  was  full  of 
the  sublimity  of  the  topic,  he  thought  the  business  interests  of 
the  Association  demanded  the  vote  should  be  taken  at  once,  as 
the  views  of  no  member  were  likely  to  be  changed  by  the 
discussion.  He,  therefore,  moved  the  previous  question,  which 
was  carried. 

Mr.  Haskell's  substitute  was  then  passed. 

Some  discussion  having  arisen  as  to  whether  the  passage  of 
Mr.  Haskell's  substitute  set  aside  the  original  section  offered  by 
Mr.  Gove,  re-affirming  the  constitutional  provision  of  Illinois, 
Mr.  Haskell  remarked  that  he  did  not  understand  that  it  did  ; 
that  it  left  the  proposition  of  the  resolution  intact,  and  was  passed 
only  as  an  expression  of  the  opinion  of  the  Association,  to  go  to 
the  committee  in  company  with  Mr.  Gove's  resolution. 

The  President  decided  that  both  Mr.  Haskell's  substitute 
and  Mr.  Gove's  resolution  had  passed. 

Mr.  Shattuck  offered  a  resolution  that  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee be  authorized  to  publish,  in  pamphlet  form,  the  address  of 
Judge  Belford,  at  Maennerchor  Hall,  together  with  the  poem  read 
by  Mr.  W.  E.  Pabor. 


—  47  — 

Mr.  Haskell  moved  to  amend  by  printing,  also,  the  action  of 
the  Association  on  sectarianism. 

A  substitute  was  offered  that  the  proceedings  of  the  Conven- 
tion be  printed,  together  with  the  poem  and  address,  which  was 
carried. 

Mr.  Wilbur  offered  the  following,  which  was  passed  after 
some  discussion  : 

Resolved,  That  we  desire  the  ^Constitutional  Convention  to 
provide  for  a  fixed  State  tax  for  school  purposes,  to  the  end  that 
schools  may  be  permanent  in  character. 

Another  proposition,  presented  by  Mr.  Wilbur,  was  passed, 
and  read  as  follows  : 

"Also,  that  all  special  or  local  legislation  in  relation  to 
schools  be  forever  prohibited." 

A  third  proposition,  offered  by  Mr.  Wilbur,  on  motion  of 
Mr.  Stewart,  was  laid  on  the  table.     It  read  as  follows  : 

"Also,  that  that  part  of  the  fund  that,  in  proportion  to  num- 
bers, belongs  to  the  lower  grades  in  graded  schools,  be  exclu- 
sively applied  to  them." 

Mr.  Seybold  offered  the  following,  which,  on  motion  of  Mr. 
Stewart,  was  referred  to  the  committee  to  confer  with  the  con- 
vention and  Legislature : 

Resolved,  That  we,  as  a  Convention  of  educators,  do  earn- 
estly urge  upon  our  Legislature  to  enact  such  laws  as  will  secure 
to  each  and  every  child  in  our  Territory  the  advantage  of  at  least 
a  common  school  education  in  the  English  language. 

Mr.  Haskell,  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  the  Education 
of  Spanish  Pupils,  called  up  the  resolutions  reported  by  the  com- 
mittee, which  were  printed  in  the  Tribune,  and  moved  the  adop- 
tion of  the  same. 

Mr.  Bliss  moved  to  amend  by  referring  the  resolutions  to 
the  Committee  on  Conference,  which  was  lost. 

The  resolutions  were  then  adopted. 

Mr.  Haskell  moved  to  add  to  the  first  resolution  the  follow- 
ing, which  was  carried : 

"And   we   suggest   the   propriety  of  employing  a  Spanish 


-48- 

speaking  Assistant  Superintendent,  to  labor  three  months  in  each 
of  the  next  three  years,  to  encourage  our  Mexico-Spanish  citizens 
in  developing  the  English  school  system  among  them,  for  the 
benefit  of  their  children." 

Mr.  Shattuck  moved  that  the  Association  proceed  to  take  up 
the  recommendations  to  the  Legislature.  The  time  set  for  the 
session  was  rapidly  passing  away,  and  the  important  work  of 
legislative  suggestions  had  not  been  touched.  The  motion  was 
carried. 

Mr.  Boyd  offered  the  following,  which  was  passed : 
Resolved,  That  this  Association  recommend   House  Bill  No. 
1 06,  presented  by  the  lower  branch  of  the  last  Legislature,  as  the 
basis  of  a  school  law  to  be  passed  by  the  present  Legislature. 

The  bill  as  recommended  was  then  taken  up  section  by 
section.  When  the  fifth  section  came  up,  requiring  the  Superin- 
tendent to  visit  the  schools  once  in  every  two  years,  an  amend- 
ment was  adopted  providing  that  the  visits  be  either  by  the 
Superintendent  "or  his  deputy." 

The  seventh  section  of  the  bill,  which  empowers  the  Terri- 
torial Superintendent  to  remove  County  Superintendents  for 
cause,  and  which  was  stricken  out  in  the  Lower  House  because 
it  gave  the  Territorial  Superintendent  too  much  power,  came  up. 
Mr.  Bliss  thought  the  objections  could  be  answered  by 
modifying  the  section  so  that  the  Territorial  Superintendent 
might  bring  charges  before  the  County  Commissioners,  and  give 
them  the  power  to  remove. 

Mr.  Shattuck  was  confident  the  section  would  not  pass,  and 
probably  should  not.  The  people  were  very  jealous  of  any 
interference  with  officers  elected  by  them  at  the  ballot  box.  It 
was  probably  natural  that  they  should  be.  He  would  prefer  that 
if  the  people  of  a  county  elect  a  non  compos  officer,  they  should 
suffer  the  penalty  of  that  election  through  his  inefficient  acts. 

Judge  Leland  here  addressed  the  Convention  and  stated  that 
he  held  in  his  hand  a  petition  to  the  Constitutional  Convention 
from  Clear  Creek,  providing  for  the  impeachment  of  various 
officers  for  causes  stated,  which  would  include  County  Superin- 


-^v>i;^ 


t^t^L^-€LtO 


—  49^ 

tendents,  and  which  would  probably  do  away  with  the  necessity 
for  passing  the  section. 

Mr.  Wilbur  moved  that  the  seventh  section  of  the  bill  be 
laid  on  the  table,  which  was  carried. 

The  remaining  portions  of  the  bill,  relating  to  County 
Superintendents  and  school  officers  generally,  were  then  passed, 
when,  the  hour  for  adjournment  having  arrived,  the  Convention 
took  a  recess  until  half  past  i  o'clock. 

The  afternoon  session  opened  with  a  full  attendance  at  2:45. 

Dr.  Groesbeck  moved  that  the  Executive  Committee  be 
requested  to  call  the  next  annual  meeting  of  the  Association  at 
the  University  Building,  in  Boulder,  which  was  carried. 

Mr.  Donaldson  offered  the  following  resolution,  which  was 
passed : 

Resolved,  That  the  money  in  the  hands  of  the  Treasurer  of 
this  Association  be  handed  over  to  the  Executive  Committee,  to 
be  used  in  defraying  the  expenses  of  the  Association. 

Mr.  Baker  moved  that  a  committee  of  five  be  appointed  to 
nominate  officers  for  the  next  year,  which  was  carried. 

President  Hale  appointed  the  following  as  the  committee : 
Messrs.  Baker,  of  Denver ;  Carpenter,  of  Clear  Creek ;  Annis,  of 
Greeley ;  Stewart,  of  Golden,  and  Copley,  of  Colorado  Springs. 

THE    SCHOOL    LAW 

Title  second,  of  the  School  Bill,  concerning  the  Territorial 
Board  of  Education,  came  up  in  order. 

Mr.  Wilbur  offered  an  amendment  to  the  ninth  section,  in 
reference  to  the  organization  of  the  Board.  It  provides  that  the 
Territorial  Board  shall  consist  of  the  Superintendent  of  Instruc- 
tion, and  two  members  from  each  judicial  district,  to  be  elected 
by  the  Legislature.  The  amendment  was  passed,  and  the  section 
adopted  as  amended. 

Section  eleven  of  the  bill  providing  for  a  uniform  series  of 
text  books,  which  after  being  adopted  shall  not  be  changed  for  a 
period  of  four  years,  came  up  for  passage. 

Mr.  Gove  strongly  opposed  the  section  as  a  very  dangerous 


—  50  — 

one,  inviting  bribery  from  publishers,  and  engrafting  a  system 
which  had  proved  a  failure  in  California,  Nevada  and  many  other 
localities. 

Mr.  Hale  confessed  that  in  embodying  the  section  he  had 
been  largely  influenced  by  outside  pressure,  yet  he  could  not  see 
how  the  public  could  be  damaged  by  its  passage.  The  merit  of 
any  book  was  the  only  recommendation  that  it  possessed. 

The  section  was  stricken  out. 

The  section  referring  to  the  qualification  and  examination  of 
applicants  for  Teacher's  Certificates  coming  up.  Mr.  Orr  moved 
that  the  examination  be  enlarged  so  as  to  embrace  Vocal  Music. 

Miss  Merritt  moved  to  amend  the  amendment  by  including 
also,  examination  on  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  which 
last  amendment  was  agreed  to. 

Mr.  Orr's  amendment  was  not  agreed  to. 

The  section,  as  amended,  was  then  passed. 

The  section  touching  the  granting  of  Graded  Certificates,  on 
motion  of  Dr.  Groesbeck,  was  amended  so  that  no  Teacher's 
Certificate  should  be  renewed  without  examination,  except  those 
which  were  of  the  first  grade. 

The  section  touching  the  duties  of  County  Superintendents 
was  amended  in  so  far  that  the  County  Superintendent  be  required 
to  submit  the  record  of  his  official  proceedings  to  the  County 
Commissioners  at  least  once  a  year. 

The  section  in  reference  to  the  administration  of  the  official 
oath  to  School  Directors  and  Teachers,  and  vesting  such  admin- 
istration in  the  County  Superintendent,  was  amended  so  that  a 
member  of  the  outgoing  Board  could  administer  the  oath  to  the 
incoming  Board. 

An  amendment  allowing  a  Union  High  School  to  be  formed 
in  any  County,  upon  certain  formula,  without  regard  to  the  num- 
ber of  scholars  attending  the  common  schools,  was  passed. 

Mr.  Gove  offered  a  resolution  in  regard  to  the  duty  of  the 
School  Board,  as  follows,  which  was  passed: 

Resolved,  That  it  shall  be  one  of  the  duties  of  District  Boards 
to  direct  what  text  books  and  apparatus  shall  be  used  in   the 


—  51  — 

several  schools,  and  strictly  to  enforce  uniformity  of  text  books 
therein,  but  shall  not  permit  text  books  to  be  changed  oftener 
than  once  in  four  years. 

The  remaining  sections  of  the  bill  were  then  referred  to  the 
committee  appointed  to  confer  with  Committees  of  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  and  Territorial  Legislature. 

On  motion,  the  Secretary  was^  directed  to  forward  to  each 
member  of  the  Association  a  copy  of  the  proceedings  of  this 
Convention,  together  with  the  report  of  the  Committee  of  Con- 
ference, if  practicable. 

Mr.  Baker,  from  the  committee  to  suggest  officers  for  the 
next  year,  submitted  the  following  list : 

President,  Aaron  Gove,  Denver. 

Vice-Presidents,  A.  J.  Wilbur,  Greeley;  F.  A.  Sloane,  Pueblo; 
at  large,  J.  C.  Shattuck,  Greeley;    P.  E.  Morehouse,  Georgetown. 

Secretary,  Miss  E.  J.  Merritt,  Colorado  Springs. 

Assistant  Secretaries,  Miss  E.  H.  Shumway,  Georgetown; 
Mr.  W.  A.  Henry,  Boulder. 

Treasurer,  L.  G.  A.  Copley,  Colorado  Springs. 

Executive  Committee,  H.  M.  Hale,  Denver;  A.  B.  Orr, 
Golden;    J.  H.  Baker,  Denver. 

On  motion  the  report  was  adopted,  and  the  officers  elected. 

KESOLUTIONS. 

Mr.  L.  G.  A.  Copley,  Chairman  of  the  Committe  on  Resolu- 
tions, submitted  the  following,  which  were  passd  unanimously : 

Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  this  Association  are  due  to 
Superintendent  "H.  M.  Hale  for  the  able  manner  in  which  he  has 
conducted  its  deliberations. 

Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  this  Association  are  due  to  the 
people  of  Denver  who  have  entertained  us  so  kindly  during  our 
attendance  at  this  Convention. 

Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  this  Convention  are  hereby 
tendered  to  the  various  railroad  and  stage  lines  centering  in 
this' city,  for  their  reduction  of  fare  to  members  of  this  body. 


—  52  — 

Resolved,  That  we  thank  Col.  Ellsworth  for  his  liberality  in 
giving  us  the  free  use  of  the  street  cars  to  and  from  the  sessions 
of  this  Convention  at  the  Broadway  School  House. 

Resolved,  That  our  especial  thanks  are  hereby  tendered  to 
Aaron  Gove,  the  City  Superintendent,  and  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion of  East  Denver  for  the  use  of  the  High  and  Broadway 
School  Buildings. 

Resolved,  That  our  thanks  are  due  the  press  for  the  interest 
shown  in  the  work,  and  for  the  very  ready  manner  in  which  they 
have  advertised  and  reported  the  proceedings  of  the  Association 
from  its  beginning  to  its  close. 

Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  this  body  are  tendered  to  Judge 
Belford  for  his  lecture,  and  W.  E.  Pabor  for  his  poem, '  delivered 
before  this  Association. 

L.  G.  A.  Copley, 
Albert  B.  Orr, 
F.  M.  Brown, 
L.  Washburne. 
The  Convention  then  adjourned  sine  die. 


The  following  were  elected  Honorary  Members : 
Gov.  John  L.  Routt,  Hon.  J.  C.  Wilson, 

J.  B.  Belford,  R.  W.  Woodbury, 

Dr.  B.  F.  Crary,  ^  Dr.  Willis  Lord, 

Amos  Bixby,       *  N.  C.  Meeker, 

Dr.  R.  G.  Buckingham,  Stephen  Decatur, 

Hon.  Wilbur  F.  Stone. 

The  members  with  their  friends  and  citizens  gathered  in  the 
High  School  on  Thursday  evening  for  a  social.  Although  no 
set  programme  had  been  arranged,  yet  three  hours  were  spent  in 
a  general  good  time,  enhanced  by  the  supply  of  refreshments 
furnished  by  a  few  friends. 

At  eleven  o'clock  the  party  retired,  the  last  act  being  the 
singing  of  "Auld  Lang  Syne." 


—  53  — 

The  following  are  the  names  of  those  who  joined  the  Colo- 
rado Teachers'  Association  at  its  First  Annual  Meeting: 

Annis,  Frank  J., Greeley. 

Askew,  W.  T., Denver. 

Adriance,  Miss  Nellie   ....  Denver. 

Ashley,  E.  M., Denver. 

Allen,  N.  E., ,  .    . 

Baker,  James  H., Denver. 

Bryant,  Louise  V., Colorado  Springs. 

Beecher,  Ella  P., Colorado  Springs. 

Buel,  G.  W., Golden. 

Brundige,  Miss  M.  L ,  .     .    .    ,  Denver. 

Boyd,  David, Greeley. 

Bliss,  T.  E., Denver. 

Brown,  A.  G., .  Central. 

Brown,  Francis  M., Black  Hawk. 

Brainerd,  Julia  D., Colorado  Springs. 

Bradley,  Julia  M:, Central. 

Carpenter,  Frank  R.,     ....  Georgetown. 
Carpenter,  Mrs.  Frank  R.,    .    .  Georgetown. 

Copley,  L.  G.  A., Colorado  Springs. 

Chambers,  J.  T., Denver. 

Collier,  Mrs.  G.  M.,  .    .    .    .    .  Denver. 

Dill,  Mrs.  Helen, Denver. 

Devinny,  Miss  Lizzie, Denver. 

Donaldson,  W.  A., Denver. 

Defrance,  Mattie  A.,     ....  Denver. 

Davis,  F.  B., Longmont. 

Day,  E.  A., Longmont. 

Freeman,  Miss  Estelle,     .    .    .  Denver. 

Fullerton,  Alice, Nevada. 

Fullerton,  W.  C, Nevada. 

Gove,  Aaron, Denver. 

Groesbeck,  J.  B., Golden. 

Garbutt,  E.  N., La  Porte. 

Ganiard,  Sarah  M., Denver. 


—  54  — 

Griffin,  James  V.,  ......  Morrison. 

Gottesleben,  Peter, Denver. 

Garbutt,  Mrs.  M.  E.,     ....  Denver. 

Glave,  Paul  C, Denver. 

Haskell,  T.  N.,  .    .    .    .    .    .    .  Denver. 

Harrington,  Isaac  B,,     ....  Littleton. 

Harmon,  H.  R., Boulder. 

Hahn,  S.  B., Central. 

Hurd,  Daniel,         Denver. 

Hale,  H.  M., Denver. 

Henry,  W.  A., Boulder. 

Howard,  Oliver, Greeley. 

House,  Mrs.  E.  P., Evans. 

Hannah,  Kate  L., Denver. 

Hannum,  Miss  M.  E.,   .    .    ,    .  Denver, 

Hersey,  J.  Clarence, Valmont. 

Kenney,  Mrs.  Margaret,   .    .    .  Denver. 
Keith,  T.  M.,     .    .    .      .    ,    .    .  Valmont. 

Laty,  Wm.  D., Greeley. 

Lothrop,  W.  C, Denver. 

Murray,  D.  B., Golden. 

Moorehouse,  E.  P.,  .  .  .  .  .  Georgetown. 
Moorehouse,  Mrs.  E.  P.,  .  .  .  Georgetown. 
Merritt,  Ellen  J.,    .....    .  Colorado  Springs. 

McGill,  Mary, Central  City. 

Morrison,  Anna  A., Golden. 

MiUington,  F.  C, Denver. 

Moulton,  Fred.  A., 

McCreery,  W.  H., Loveland. 

McMurty,  M.  E., Denver. 

Merrill,  Miss  Viola, Denver. 

Newton,  W.  M., Denver. 

Orr,  Albert  B., Golden. 

Parks,  Chas.  E., Denver. 

Pabor,  Wm.  E.,      ......  Greeley. 

Parkinson,  C.  E, Castle  Rock. 


—  55  — 

Presley,  James  N., Silver  Plume. 

Phillips,  Ivers, 

Roy,  Mrs.  S.  K., •.  Denver. 

Robinson,  Ellen  J., Black  Hawk. 

Randall,  Miss  Frona,    ....  Denver. 
Strong,  Wm.  J.,     ......  Castle  Rock. 

Shattuck,  Joseph  C, Greeley. 

Sloane,  Theodorea  A.,  ....  Pueblo. 

Storms,  H., Denver. 

Seybold,  Gilbert  A.,  .    .    ."  .    .  Pueblo. 

Scott,  Sarah  A., Pueblo. 

Smith,  Nannie  O., Denver. 

Seacord,  Lydia  M., Georgetown. 

Shumway,  Elizabeth  H.,  .    .    .  Georgetown. 

Stewart,  R.  L., Golden. 

Shields,  Hattie  E., Colorado  Springs. 

Stuart,  R.  S., 

Selby,  Miss  Martha, Denver. 

Thomas,  Mary, Central  City. 

Tibbals,  Miss  Sarah  E Denver. 

Williams,  E.  Cone, Boulder. 

Woolman,  N.  E., Denver. 

Washburne,  Lucinda,    ....  Georgetown. 

Watters,  L.  H., Denver. 

Wells,  C.  L., Denver. 

Wilber,  Alvin  J., Greeley. 

.  Wilson,  J.  M., Denver. 

Wadleigh,  Elizabeth  E.,    .    .    .  Colorado  Springs. 

Westover,  Miss  C.  M. Denver. 

Youngman,  G.  F., Boulder. 

A  list  of  the  Presidents  of  the  first  ten  meetings  is  given 
below,  together  with  the  place  at  which  each  meeting  was  held : 
H.  M.  Hale,  Denver,    ....  First  Meeting. 
Aaron  Gove,  Boulder,  ....  Second  Meeting. 
Joseph  C.  Shattuck,  Denver,    .  Third  Meeting. 


-56- 

Lucinda  Washburn,  Denver,    .  Fourth  Meetinsf. 

J.  A.  Sewall,  Denver,    ....  Fifth  Meeting. 
;  James  H.  Baker,  Denver,     .    .  Sixth  Meeting. 

Isaac  C.  Dennett,  Colo.  Springs,  Seventh  Meeting. 

J.  S.  McClung,  Pueblo,     .    .    .  Eighth  Meeting. 

H.  M.  Hale,  Greeley,   ....  Ninth  Meeting. 

David  Boyd,  Denver,  ....  Tenth  Meeting. 
The  policy  of  the  Association  with  regard  to  places  at  which 
the  annual  meeting  should  be  held  is  indicated  by  the  above  list. 
While  Denver  is  the  most  convenient,  both  with  regard  to  trans- 
portation and  rooms  for  meetings,  a  desire  has  at  several  times 
been  manifested  to  meet  in  other  cities. 

The  reflex  influence   of  such  a  gathering  of  teachers  upon 
the  community  is  a  power  to  be  considered. 

Six  of  the  ten  meetings  have  been  at  Denver,  the  other  four 
were  at  Boulder,  Colorado  Springs,  Pueblo  and  Greeley. 


SECOND  MEETING. 

The  second  meeting  at  Boulder  will  never  be  forgotten  by 
the  pilgrims  who  did  penance  on  their  journey  thitherward.  The 
discomfort  of  spending  one  day  and  night  on  the  railroad,  the 
train  being  stopped  by  snow,  and  nothing  to  eat  until  a  loco- 
motive brought,  towards  morning,  boxes  of  crackers  from  the 
rear,  contributed  to  an  experience  not  remembered  with  pleasure. 
The  songs  and  jests  and  choruses  of  that  tired,  hungry  crowd  of 
teachers  on  the  Colorado  Central  Railroad,  on  the  night  of  the 
second  of  January,  1877,  rnade  a  page  in  the  history  of  the  Asso- 
ciation. 

Arriving  at  Boulder,  and  landing  on  the  houseless  plain  a 
mile  away  from  town,  with  no  person  to  receive  or  point  out  the 
way,  satchels  in  hand,  they  walked  that  cold,  weary  mile  before 
sunrise  on  a  winter  morning,  and  arrived  at  the  hotel  to  find  little 
room.  The  people  of  the  town  did  not  choose  generally  to  enter- 
tain such  guests,  even  when  financial  remuneration  was  offered. 


—  57  — 

Late  in  the  forenoon  of  the  day  of  arrival  a  few  score  gath- 
ered in  the  church,  and  the  second  session  was  commenced.  The 
Association  has  not  met  in  Boulder  since  that  time. 

From  the  President's  address  at  that  time  the  following 
extracts  are  taken : 

"  For  people  of  noble  and  patriotic  purposes  the  world  ever 
turns,  unconciously,  first  to  mountaineers.  The  Old  World  has 
given  abundant  evidence  that  whatever  may  be  said  of  people  of 
the  lowlands,  the  denizens  of  high-  and  rugged  countries  are  ever 
eminent  for  integrity  and  enterprise.  Thirty  years  from  to-day 
the  pupils  of  Colorado  public  schools  will  be  the  product  of  a 
people  made  up  of  the  very  best  elements  of  the  world,  bred  and 
trained  in  the  purest  air,  and  under  the  brightest  sky  of  earth, 
surrounded  by  the  comforts  of  a  plenteous  civilization,  without  its 
attendant  evils." 

SCHOOL     HOUSES. 

"Again,  upon  the  basis  of  finance  depends  the  building  of 
school  houses,  and  how  many  will  be  erected  in  Colorado  in  the 
immediate  future  !  What  kind  of  a  house?  How  expensive?  What 
its  interior  arrangement?  What  its  external  appearance?  If 
in  your  district  an  enterprise  of  this  sort  is  discussing  and  you 
are  not  consulted,  you  may  accept  the  fact  as  evidence  of  weak- 
ness. An  architect  will  plan  the  house,  the  Board  will  accept  the 
plans,  and  the  teacher  who  occupies  his  proper  position  will  be 
permitted  materially  to  advise.  What  shall  we  advise  ?  A  build- 
ing with  two  floors,  never  more,  staircases  open  and  every  stair  in 
sight  from  either  floor,  ample  heating  and  ventilating  apparatus, 
comfortable  seatings,  ample  wardrobe  and  proper  light.  The  peo- 
ple sometimes  call  for  towers  and  elaborate  belfries  ;  the  archi- 
tect will  insist  upon  a  proper  architectural  effect  and  display,  while 
we  will  say,  give  us  a  comfortable,  reasonable  house  with  good 
teachers;  never  mind  the  sky-scrapers,  long  flights  of  stairs  and 
magnificent  exteriors.  Beautiful  buildings  will  never  make  effect- 
ive schools.  Our  advice  will  not  all  be  followed,  but  you  and  I, 
fellow  teachers,  have  it  in  our  power  to  save  for  our  young  State 


-58- 

hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  within  the  next  ten  years,  by 
taking  a  position  against  elaborate  and  expensive  school  build- 
ings made  for  ornament  and  show  rather  than  for  use." 

PAY    AS    YOU    GO. 

"Shall  we  do  what  we  can  towards  having  as  fine  buildings 
as  we  can  afford,  but  never  sacrifice  style,  emulation  or  ambition 
in  building,  to  debt?  One  dollar  due  in  twenty  years  at  lo  per 
cent,  interest  sold  to-day  for  eighty  cents.  How  far  does  a  dollar 
go  that  way  ?  Let  us  vote  bonds  when  we  can't  help  ourselves. 
Let  us  keep  our  school  finances  healthy,  and  success  in  common 
school  work  is  assured ;  with  a  great  debt  comes,  sure  as  sunrise, 
weak  teachers,  poor  schools,  apathy  among  the  people,  and 
death." 

DISHONEST    WOKK. 

*'  The  reputation  of  a  school  is  not  to  be  relied  upon  unless 
years  have  been  occupied  in  making  it.  When  our  young  schools 
in  Colorado  are  pronounced  excellent  it  behooves  us  to  look  well 
to  the  work. 

"The  sentiment  of  a  district  made  and  pronounced  in  a  few 
weeks  or  months,  expressive  of  the  excellence  of  the  public 
school,  is  built  upon  unstable  notions.  In  physics,  no  one  dare 
judge  of  the  merits  of  a  machine  until  the  product  thereof  has  been 
produced  and  tested.  So,  with  schools,  no  one  can  say  they  are 
excellent  until  their  product  has  been  sent  out  to  form  a  constit- 
uent part  of  the  community.  True,  there  are  many  signs  of  a 
good  school,  as  there  are  tokens  of  a  good  fruit  tree,  but  the 
final,  complete  decision  must  be  reserved  for  the  appearance  of 
the  fruit." 

THE   SCHOOLS    ARE   THE    PEOPLE'S. 

"  We  must  not  forget  that  the  schools  are  the  people's,  not 
ours,  and  that  the  ultimate  directive  force  lies  in  the  people,  so 
that  do  we  wish  for  reform  or  change,  the  expressed  opinion  of 
the  people  should  precede  action  in  school  affairs.  This  doctrine 
is  not  altogether  palatable,  when  one  thinks  of  the  hundred  con- 


—  59  — 

flicting  opinions,  and  of  the  approximate  truth  that  every  district 
contains  a  (t^w  individuals  who  are  sure  they  can  conduct  your 
school  infinitely  better  than  you  do,  but  we  are  to  take  the  world 
as  we  have  found  it ;  we  cannot  remake  it." 

The  entire  proceedings  and  papers  of  the  first  and  second 
meetings  were  printed  by  the  State  Superintendent,  without 
expense  to  the  Association.  Since  that  time  no  complete  record 
has  been  printed.  The  papers  read  in  those  years  are  as  admir- 
able and  as  instructive  to  the  profession  to-day  as  they  were  at 
the  time  written.  **  Written  Work,"  by  I.  C.  Dennet ;  "The 
Kindergarten ;  Its  Aims  and  Methods,"  by  Emma  C.  Barrett ; 
"  Higher  Education  in  Colorado,"  by  David  Boyd ;  "  Essential 
Incentives  to  Labor,"  by  Lucinda  Washburne, and  "The  Influence 
of  the  Newspaper  Press  on  Education,"  were  essays  that  have  all 
been  preserved  in  the  pamphlet  of  proceedings  of  that  year. 

The  important  resolutions  passed  by  the  Association  from 
time  to  time,  and  which  really  make  the  platform  of  the  Associa- 
tion, are  herewith  presented. 

The  same  spirit  of  earnest  endeavor  to  do  the  best  thing  in 
the  best  way,  characterizes  the  whole  life  of  the  institution. 

"  Resolved,  That  we,  as  members  of  this  Association,  are 
heartily  in  sympathy  with  the  State  University  in  its  work  of 
education,  and  will  do  what  we  can  to  inspire  an  interest  in  its 
behalf  among  the  people."      1877. 

**  Resolved^  That  we  commend  the  State  University  and  its 
interests  to  the  careful  and  persistent  nurture  of  the  State  author- 
ities."     1879. 

''Resolved,  That  we  regard  that  legislation  as  unfortunate, 
whereby  the  provision  for  higher  education  at  the  expense  of  the 
State  is  now  dissipated  by  division  of  funds  amongst  three  dis- 
tinct institutions ;  That  we  believe  the  highest  interests  of  public 
education  would  be  subserved  by  a  consolidation  of  the  three 
State  institutions :  School  of  Mines,  School  of  Agriculture,  and 
State  University,  under  the  management  of  one  Board  of  Control 
and  Direction,  thereby  giving  to  each  one  the  advantage  of  all, 
and  avoid  the  expense  of  maintaining  often  three  chairs  of  scien- 


—  6o  — 

tific  investigation,  when  one  would  accomplish  the  same  amount 
and  kind  of  instruction  ;  that  we  urge  upon  the  Legislature  the 
importance  of  well  equiping  and  munificently  maintaining  these 
schools  as  the  surest  and  safest  guaranty  of  the  prosperity  of  our 
commonwealth ;  that  we  repeat  our  resolution  of  two  years  ago, 
viz. :  That  a  State  Reform  School  for  boys  is  needed  in  Colorado, 
and  that  that  system  known  as  the  family  system  is  preferable  to 
the  old  custom  of  congregating  the  inmates  in  one  large  com- 
munity or  building;  That  the  hearty  good  wishes  of  this  Associa- 
tion go  with  the  retiring  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion, and  that  we  recognize  that  during  his  four  years'  faithful 
service  the  cause  of  public  education  in  Colorado  has  reached  a 
higher  plane  and  maintained  a  prominent  position  in  the  country 
largely  through  his  intelligent  supervision."      1880. 


THIRD    MEETING. 

The  third  meeting  was  held  at  Denver,  January  3  and  4, 
1876.  Hon.  Jos.  C.  Shattuck  delivered  the  President's  address. 
The  following  names  and  subjects  appear  upon  the  programme  of 
that  meeting : 

Ella  P.  Beecher — *'  Conducting  Recitations." 

Joseph  Brinker,  sen. — "  Moral  and  Social  Education." 

Oliver  Howard — "  That  Boy,  John  !  " 

Nelly  Lloyd  Knox — "  Lesson  in  Geography." 

Helen  McG.  Ayres— ''  Spelling." 

W.  F.  Wegener — "Natural  Science." 

Jennie  Fish — "Ventilation." 

Ira  W.  Davis — "  School  Attendance." 

R.  S.  Roeschlaub — "  School  Architecture." 

W.  J.  Waggener — "  Text  Books." 

A.  E.  Chase — "  The  Teacher  as  a  Citizen." 

G.  W.  Buell— "Same  Old  Rut." 

The  Executive  Committee  were:  Messrs.  Aaron  Gove,  H. 
L.  Parker,  and  P.  E.  Morehouse. 


—  6i  — 

The  address  of  the  President  was  an  excellent  document, 
discussing  among  other  important  issues  the  tendency  of  Legis- 
latures to  enact  compulsory  education  laws. 

After  quoting  from  eminent  school  authorities  on  the  subject, 
he  closes  the  discussion  in  these  words : 

"  In  our  neighboring  State  of  Kansas  such  a  law  has  also 
been  tried  and  found  wanting. 

"  In  the  Superintendent's  report  for  1 876  I  find  a  report  on 
this  point  from  forty-nine  counties,  forty-one  of  which  declare  the 
law  a  complete  failure ;  in  only  three  is  it  called  a  success,  and  in 
five  a  partial  success,  in  that  it  increases  the  attendance  by  the 
moral  influence  which  it  exerts.  What  is  remarkable  in  this 
respect  is  that  only  one  County  Superintendent  expresses  himself 
as  opposed  to  the  law  in  theory,  while  many  proclaim  their  devo- 
tion to  the  idea  while  reporting  the  law  a  "dead  letter."  There 
are  few  persons  that  possess  sufficient  educational  enthusiasm,  or 
that  take  enough  interest  in  their  neighbors'  affairs  to  be  willing 
to  incur  their  displeasure  by  complaining  of  them.  The  fame  of 
the  man  who  made  a  fortune  by  minding  his  own  business  has 
reached  the  rural  districts.  Is  it  not  then  settled  as  definitely  as 
anything  can  be,  by  extensive  and  costly  experiments,  that  no 
compulsory  educational  law  can  be  made  operative  among 
American  citizens  ?  Is  it  necessary  to  add  a  Colorado  law  to  the 
wrecks  that  lie  stranded  along  this  shore  ?  I  have  friends  here 
this  morning  who  are,  or  have  been,  earnest  advocates  of  such  a 
law.  If  any  of  them  are  not  satisfied  with  the  exhibit  I  have 
given,  let  them  come  to  my  office  and  I  will  feed  them  on  such 
reports  till  they  cry,  *  Hold,  enough  ! ' 

**  Let  us  first  have  school-houses  enough  for  all,  and  in  them 
schools,  attractive,  efficient  and  free;  if  then  there  be  found  a 
portion  of  our  population  untouched  by  our  educational  system, 
then,  certainly  not  till  then,  may  we  *  go  out  into  the  highways 
and  hedges  and  compel  them  to  come  in,'  by  law. 

"  Let  us  have  no  more  attempts  to  find  the  last  term  of  our 
series  till  we  have  the  first  term  and  the  ratio." 


—  62  — 

FOURTH    MEETING. 

The  fourth  meeting  was  held  at  Denver,  January  2  and   3, 

1879. 

The  President,  Miss  L.  Washburn,  presided,  and  dehvered 
the  annual  address.  This  was  filled  with  a  general  review  of 
education  from  the  beginning  of  the  world  to  the  present  time. 
The  report  touched  upon  the  manner  in  which  schools  were  con- 
ducted in  ages  past,  and  compared  with  the  present  generation  ; 
how  the  Greeks  and  Romans  made  education  subservient  to  their 
religion,  etc. 

Miss  Washburn  referred  to  a  clause  in  the  German  school 
law,  which  says  that  "  private  schools  may  be  opened  in  Prussia, 
but  must  come  under  State  Supervisors,  and  teachers  of  such 
schools  must  be  examined  and  receive  permits  to  teach  by  the 
Government  authorities.  Also, 'pupils  of  such  schools  must  be 
subject  to  examination  by  the  State  Regents."  The  speaker 
suggested  that  such  means  should  be  taken  to  educate  the 
children  of  America.  She  also  cited  a  law  now  on  the  statute 
books  of  Connecticut  which  reads  "  that  the  town  shall  pay  for 
the  schooling  of  the  poor,  and  all  deficiencies." 

Compulsory  education  in  some  states  has  not  proved  a  success, 
as  the  labors  of  some  school  officers  have  almost  exclusively 
been  confined  to  looking  after  truant  absentees  from  the  schools. 

Her  address  concluded  with  a  concise  review  of  education 
for  generations,  and  was  fully  appreciated  by  the  teachers  present. 

Rev.  W.  R.  Alger  delivered  an  address  to  the  Association  in 
the  evening. 

The  papers  and  authors  at  this  meeting  are  as  follows : 

W.  R.  Thomas — "Political   Science  in  the  Common  School." 

Miss  M.  A.  Pease— "  Grammar." 

N.  E.  Garbutt— "  Education." 

Miss  S.  C.  White— '' Phonetic  Work  in  Primary  Schools." 


-63- 

Mr.  Hershberger — "Odds  and  Ends." 
Miss  E.  Sabin — "  Language." 
I.  C.  Dennett — "Discipline." 
.  F.  J.  Annis — **  Struggle  for  Existence  in  Our  Profession." 
Miss   M.  A.  Tupper — "Mistakes  and  Remedies  in  Primary 
Work." 

J.  A.  Sewall— "What  Shall  We  Do  With  Our  Boys?" 
Miss  S.  O'Brien— "The  Study  of  Words." 
J.  H.  Baker — "The  Essence  of  Learning." 

After  the  adoption  of  resolutions,  the  following  officers  were 
duly  elected  for  the  ensuing  year : 

President,  Dr.  J.  A.  Sewall,  of  Boulder. 

Vice-President  At   Large,  Miss    Emma  Sabin,  of    George- 
town. 

Vice-President,    First    Judicial    District,    L.    S.   Cornell,   of 
Denver. 

Vice-President,  Second  Judicial  District,  W.  A.  Donaldson, 
of  Denver. 

Vice  President,  Third  Judicial  District,  Miss  M.  A.  Pease,  of 
Pueblo. 

Vice-President,  Fourth  Judicial  District,  Mr.  H.  Hershber- 
ger, of  West  Las  Animas. 

Secretary,  Miss  F.  Randall. 

First  Assistant  Secretary,  Miss   M.   A.  Tupper,  of  Colorado 
Springs. 

Second  Assistant  Secretary,  Miss  C.  Peabody,  of  Denver. 

Treasurer,  Hon.  J.  C.  Shattuck,  of  Denver. 

Executive  Committee,   Mr.   F.   J.    Annis,  of  Greeley ;  I.  C. 
Dennett,  of  Pueblo;  Miss  N.  O.  Smith,  of  Denver. 

The  Association  then  adjourned  for  the  session. 


-64 


FIFTH  MEETING. 

The  fifth  session  was  held  at  Denver,  December  30  and  31, 
1879,  President  J.  A.  Sewall  presiding. 

After  the  President's  address  and  appointment  of  committees 
the  following  programme  was  carried  out : 

.Mrs.  A.  A.  Aldrich— ''Order  in  the  School  Room." 
L.  S.  Cornell — "Studies,  Ungraded  Schools." 
A.  F.  Joab — "Study  and  the  Teacher." 
Kate  N.  Tupper — "  School  and  State." 
G,  W.  Farris — "  Cramming  Grammar." 
Juliette  Toll — "  Education  vs.  Labor." 

Oliver  Howard — "  Four  Years  Among  the  Schools  of  Weld 
County." 

Miss  R.  W.  Bartlett — "  Women  as  Educators." 
Ella  Leichty — "Language." 

David  Boyd — "  How  Far  Should  the  State  Educate  ?" 
Aaron  Gove — "School  Troubles." 

The  following  telegrams  were  received  from  other  State  Asso- 
ciations : 

Bloomington,  Ills.,  December  30. 
Illinois  returns  the  greeting  of  her  mountain  sister,  and  400 
teachers  rejoice  to  find  their  wandering  brothers  putting  on  airs. 

A.  Harvey, 
President  State  Association. 
Madison,  Wis.,  December  30. 
Greeting  acknowledged  and  returned.     May  your  work  be 
as  productive  and  enduring  as  your  hills. 

W.  H.  Beach, 
Pres.    Wis.   Teachers'  Association. 

Indianapolis,  Ind.,  December  31. 
From   500  Hoosier  schoolmasters  to   their  brethren  of  the 
Centennial  State,  greeting.     Shake.     By  order  of  Association. 

J.  L.  Merrill, 

President. 


^^:^^^'2>^-<^^ 


-65- 

St.  Paul,  Minn,  December  30. 

Our  work  makes  the  whole  world  kin.      We   send  you  cor- 
dial greeting. 

O.  Whitman, 
Pres.  Minn.  Educational  Association. 

The  following  officers  were  elected  for  the  next  year  : 

President,  J.  H.  Baker,  Denver. 

Vice-President  at  Large,  Kate  N.  Tupper,  Colorado  Springs. 

Vice-President,  First  Judicial  District,  T.  L.  Belham,  Golden. 

Vice-President,  Second  Judicfal  District,  David  Boyd, 
Greeley. 

Vice-President,  Third  Judicial  District,  A.  B.  Patton,  Pueblo. 

Vice-President,  Fourth  Judicial  District,  H.  L.  Parker,  Col- 
orado Springs. 

Secretary,  G.  W.  Faris,  Black  Hawk. 

First  Assistant  Secretary,  Miss  B.  M.  Porter,  Georgetown. 

Second  Assistant  Secretary,  Miss  E.  Lichty,  Pueblo. 

Treasurer,  Joseph  C.  Shattuck,  Denver. 

Executive  Committee,  A.  E.  Chase,  Georgetown;  Paul 
Hanus,  Boulder;  Charles  J.  Harris,  Denver. 

The  meeting  closed  with  a  social  entertainment  on  the  even- 
ing of  the  31st 

SIXTH  MEETING. 

The  sixth  annual  meeting  of  the  Association  was  held  at 
Denver,  December  28  and  29,  1880.  The  President,  James  H. 
Baker,  presided,  and  delivered  the  annual  address.  The  sub- 
ject of  the  address  was  **  The  Poetic  Principle."  From  it  the 
following  extracts  are  taken : 

"  The  child,  left  to  itself  amidst  the  natural  environments  of 
country  life,  teaches  us  true  and  deep  lessons.  As  soon  as  by 
contact  with  nature  through  the  senses  the  mind  is  awakened,  he 
discovers  beauty  in  the  flower,  is  pleased  with  the  green  land- 
scape and  laughs  with  Nature's  cheerful  moods.  Before  the  reason 
is    employed    or   the    intuitions  defined,  he  is  attracted  by  the 


—  66  — 

beauty  of  natural  objects,  and  is  lulled  by  the  soothing  influence 
of  music.  He  soon  weaves  fanciful  pictures  in  his  mental  world, 
builds  strange  castles,  peoples  the  air  with  impossible  beings,  and 
dreams  of  wonderful  climes.  He  longs  for  legend  and  fairy  tale 
and  listens  to  them  with  pleased  credulity.  He  chases  the  but- 
terfly by  a  natural  instinct. 

"  This  tendency  of  childhood  to  thrill  with  the  inspirations 
of  Nature,  and  to  love  fanciful  creations  is  innate.  Were  man 
never  burdened  with  absorbing  cares  and  selfishness  this  tendency 
would  never  leave  him.  We  find  here  the  rudiments  of  that 
principle  which  grows  into  the  ideals,  purpose  and  enthusiasm  of 
manhood,  and  which  controlled  by  reason  moves  the  world. 
Happy  the  man  whose  childhood  has  taken  thorough  lessons  in 
this  first  school  of  life. 

"  Books  are  but  a  means  to  bring  us  back  in  later  years  to  a 
fuller  knowledge  of  Nature's  meaning. 

"  The  teacher  whose  life  is  aimless  and  whose  labor  is  mechan- 
ical, is  not  worthy  of  the  calling.  Earnestness,  progress  and  love 
of  truth  all  come  from  the  poetic  principle.  A  nature  full  of 
poetry  places  ideals  before  the  mind  and  awakens  zeal  and  enthu- 
siasm. The  minds  of  children  should  be  influenced  and  led  by 
enthusiasts.  More  of  success  in  life  comes  from  the  soul  of  the 
teacher  than  from  the  routine  work.  Teaching  is  sacred,  and  no 
one  is  fit  to  engage  in  the  work  unless  he  is  willing  to  use  all 
means  for  right  and  powerful  influence." 

The  programme  was  as  follows  : 

Paper — "  The  Teacher  and  His  Work,"  W.  S.  Thomas,  Lead- 
ville. 

Discussion — Aaron  Gove,  Denver. 

Paper — "  Development  of  Faculties  in  Primary  Work," 
Adele  K.  Clark,  Greeley. 

Paper— "  Education  and  the  State,"  E.  E.  Edwards,  Fort 
Collins. 

Discussion — David  Boyd,  Greeley ;  J.  A.  Sewall,  Boulder. 

Lecture—"  The  Real  Value  of  Culture,"  Rev.  R.  L.  Her- 
bert, Denver. 


-67- 

Paper — "Methods  of  Teaching  Elementary  Algebra,"  W. 
A.  Andrus,  Canon  City. 

Discussion — Paul  H.  Hanus,  Boulder ;  Professor  Ira  Baker, 
Georgetown. 

Paper — "  Education  of  Women,"  F.  E.  Smith,  Black  Hawk. 

Discussion — Charles  J.  Harris,  Denver;  Mary  J.  Thomas, 
Boulder. 

The  resolutions  printed  on  a  foreging  page,  concerning  the 
consolidation  of  the  various  educational  schools  in  Colorado, 
were  passed  after  a  thorough  discussion. 

The  Committee  on  Nominations  presented  the  following 
names  as  officers  for  the  ensuing  year: 

President,  Isaac  Dennett,  Boulder. 

Vice-President  at  Large,  Miss  Mary  Thomas,  Boulder. 

Vice-President  First  Judicial  District,  H.  M.  Hale,  Gilpin. 

Vice-President  Second  Judicial  District,  D.  C.  Roberts, 
Arapahoe. 

Vice-President  Third  Judicial  District,  W.  A  Andrus, 
Fremont. 

Vice-President  Fourth  Judicial  District,  W.  C.  Thomas, 
Lake. 

Secretary,  H.  F.  Wegener,  Arapahoe. 

Assistant  Secretary,  Alice  Blackwood,  Clear  Creek. 

Treasurer,  Aaron  Gove,  Arapahoe. 

Executive  Committee,  David  Boyd,  Weld;  F.  E.  Smith, 
Gilpin;    J.  P.  Easterly,  El  Paso. 

Mr.  Gove  moved  to  amend,  by  striking  out  his  name  for 
Treasurer,  and  substituting  the  name  of  J.  C.  Shattuck,  the  pres- 
ent incumbent.     Carried. 

The  Committee  on  School  Law  reported  the  following: 

Resolved,  That  the  granting  of  State  Diplomas  be  placed  in 
the  hands  of  a  committee  who  will  prepare  questions  for  exam- 
ination for  State  Diplomas  and  also  for  County  Boards,  and  that 
the  Sciences  be  struck  off  the  Third  Class  Certificates.  This  was 
adopted. 


Telegrams  were  sent  to  several  other  states  announcing  that 
the  Teachers'  Institute  of  the  Centennial  State  was  in  session. 

The  Massachusetts  State  Teachers'  Association  sent  hearty 
congratujations,  and  wished  all  members  of  the  Association  a 
Happy  New  Year.     Ohio  also  sent  greeting. 

The  meeting  closed  with  a  reunion  in  the  evening,  which 
was  held  at  the  High  School  Building,  and  was  well  attended. 
The  first  part  of  the  evening  was  devoted  to  conversation,  after 
which  the  company  was  entertained  by  readings  and  music. 


SEVENTH    MEETING. 

The  seventh  meeting  was  held  at  Colorado  Springs,  Decem- 
ber 28,  29  and  30,  1 88 1. 

The  President,  I.  C.  Dennett,  delivered  the  annual  address. 

The  Programme,  as  printed,  was  as  follows: 

Address  of  Welcome — Rev.  T.  C.  Kirkwood,  Colorado 
Springs. 

Response — President  I.  C.  Dennett,  Boulder. 

Lecture — "Our  Foreign  Schoolmasters,"  Prof  Geo.  N.  Mar- 
den,  Colorado  College. 

President's  Address — I.  C.  Dennett,  Boulder. 

Paper — "Teacher's  Work  Outside  of  Text  Book,"  J.  S. 
McClung,  Pueblo. 

Paper — "Evolution  of  Primary  Methods,  "Miss  Giddings, 
Colorado  Springs. 

Paper — "  Mathematical  Geography,"  Robert  H.  Beggs, 
Denver. 

Paper — "Spelling  Reform,"  W.  R.  Callicotte,  Leadville. 

Short  Addresses : 

Lecture — J.  A.  Sewall,  State  University. 

"Technical  Education,"  Pres.  A.  E.  Hale,  School  of  Mines. 

"Discipline  of  Education,"  Pres.  D.  D.  Moore,  Denver  Uni- 
versity. 

"Social  Culture  in  School,"  Hon.  J.  C.  Shattuck,  Denver. 


-69- 

•'  Educational  Outlook,"  Hon.  L.  S.  Cornell,  State  Supt. 

Paper — '*  Cognition  in  School  Work,"  Robert  Casey,  Greeley. 

Query  Box. 

Paper— ''The  Modern  School  Ma'am,"  Miss  M.  R.  Campbell, 
Fort  Collins. 

Paper— "What  to  Read  and  How  to  Read  It,"  M.  J.  Spauld- 
ing,  Nevada. 

Interesting  discussions  on  the  papers  and  other  topics  were 
participated  in  by  those  present.    * 

The  report  of  the  Committee  on  Resolutions,  which  was 
adopted,  stated  that  any  movement  looking  toward  the  adoption 
of  a  system  of  English  spelling  based  upon  phonetic  principles 
merits  the  warmest  sympathies  and  heartiest  co-operation  of  the 
teachers.  It  also  stated  that  teachers  of  acknowledged  merit 
should  be  relieved  from  the  annoyance  of  periodical  examinations. 
Thanks  were  expressed  to  the  citizens  of  Colorado  Springs, 
especially  Superintendent  Easterly,  for  entertainment,  to  the 
School  Board,  to  the  Executive  Committee,  to  the  railroads, 
hotel.  President  Dennett,  and  the  daily  papers. 

The  Committee  on  Nominations  presented  the  following 
names  as  officers  for  the  next  meeting: 

President,  J.  S.  McClung,  Pueblo. 

Vice-President  First  Judicial  District,  Mrs.  L.  A.  Austin, 
Gilpin. 

Vice-President  Second  Judicial  District,  P.  H.  Hawes, 
Arapahoe. 

Vice-President  Third  Judicial  District,  A.  B.  Patton,  Pueblo. 

Vice-President  Fourth  Judicial  District,  C.  W.  Parkinson, 
El  Paso. 

Vice-President  Fifth  Judicial  District,  Emma  Greer,  Lake. 

Vice-President  Sixth  Judicial  District,  N.  A.  Andrews, 
PVemont. 

Secretary,  Robert  H.  Beggs,  Denver. 

Executive  Committee,  L.  S.  Cornell,  J.  W.  Barnes,  Robert 
Casey. 

Treasurer,  Joseph  C.  Shattuck. 


—  70  — 

A  social  meeting  was  held  on  the  evening  of  the  last  day. 
All  enjoyed  the  music,  recitations  and  refreshments. 
The  session  was  a  very  successful  one. 


EIGHTH    MEETING. 

The  eighth  meeting  was  held  at  Pueblo,  December  27,  28 
and  29,  1882. 

The  following  was  the  programme : 

DECEMBER    2J . — 7:30    P.  M. 

Music. 

Address  ot  Welcome— Dr.  A.  Y.  Hull,  Pueblo. 

Response — Aaron  Gove,  Denver, 

Social  Reunion. 

DECEMBER    28. 

Music. 

President's  Address — J.  S.  McClung,  Pueblo. 

"Object  Lessons  in  Primary  and  Intermediate  Departments," 
Miss  Hamer,  Trinidad. 

"Teaching  Literature  in  Connection  with  Composition  Writ- 
ing," Miss  A.  D.  Sharp,  Gunnison. 

Music. 

"  More  Thorough  Organization  of  the  Public  Schools  Essen- 
tial to  the  Accomplishment  of  Their  Ultimate  Purpose,"  O.  F. 
Johnson,  Maysville. 

"  Conscience  in  Public  Work,"  Miss  L.  S.  Tallman,  Lake 
City. 

Music. 

Lecture,  Paul  Hanus,  Boulder. 

Short  Addresses : 

"What  Shall  the  Schools  do  for  the  State,"  A.  B.  Copeland, 
Greeley. 

"  The  Teacher  as  a  Citizen,"  Samuel  Baker,  Canon  City. 


71 


DECEMBER    29. 

"  Moral  Training  in  Education,"  Ada  E.  Bucklin,  Canon 
City. 

"  The  Teacher's  Mission  and  Duty  of  Parents,"  H.  B.  Coe, 
Del  Norte. 

"  The  Teacher's  Preparation,"  Miss  L.  K.  Noyes,  Colorado 
Springs. 

Music. 

"  Pupil's  Fund  of  General  Information,"  E.  C.  Stevens, 
Alamosa. 

*'  Necessity  of  a  High  School  Course  in  Our  Village 
Schools,"  O.  J.  Bates,  Trinidad. 

Music. 

Short  addresses. 

"  Technical  Education,"  President  A.  E.  Hale,  Golden. 

'*  Discipline ;  Its  Relation  to  the  School  and  State,  How- 
Best  Secured,"  Chas.  V.  Parker,  Georgetown. 

**  Dangers  Within  the  Profession  of  Teaching,"  M.  D.  L. 
Buell,  West  Las  Animas. 

Music. 


NINTH    MEETING. 

The  ninth  meeting  was  held  at  Greeley,  December  26,  27 
and  28,  1883. 

The  programme  was  as  follows  : 

DECEMBER    26 — /  :  3O    P.    M. 

Address  of  Welcome — A.  K.  Packard.  Greeley. 
Response,  H.  M.  Hale — President  of  the  Association. 
Social   Reunion. 

DECEMBER    2/. 

President's  Address — H.  M.  Hale,  Central. 

"  Exercise  in  Map  Sketching,"  Hattie  E.  Hays,  Alamosa. 


—  72  — 

"  On  Friday  Afternoon,"  Mary  E.  Whiting,  Denver. 

•*  To  What  Extent  Should  the  Citizen  be  Educated  by  the 
State  ?  "  E.  Thomas,  Boulder. 

Discussion — A.  C.  Courtney,  Golden. 

Class  exercise,  illustrating  the  tonic-sol-fa  method.  Miss 
Crabtree,  Greeley. 

"  Does  the  Prevailing  Method  of  Teaching  Modern  Lan- 
guages Produce  Satisfactory  Results?"  F.  E.  Smith,  Greeley. 

Discussion — W.  C.  Thomas,  Leadville ;  T.  B.  Gault,  South 
Pueblo. 

Lecture — Dr.  G.  De  La  Matyr,  Denver. 

DECEMBER    28. 

"  Should  the  National  Government  Give  the  Cause  of  Pop- 
ular Education  Pecuniary  Aid  ?  "    L.  S.  Cornell,  Del  Norte. 

Discussion — A.  D.  Bailey,  Littleton. 

"  The  Kindergarten  and  the  Public  School,"  Miss  Sarah 
Allen,  Fort  Collins. 

"  How  Shall  We  Deal  with  the  Vicious  Habits  of  Reading?" 
W.  W.  Remington,  Fort  Collins. 

"  The  Living  Teacher  as  a  Personal  Force  in  Education," 
Winthrop  D.  Sheldon,  Colorado  Springs. 

"On  the  Teaching  of  English  Language,"  Sarah  M.  Graham, 
Denver. 

"  What  Is  Industrial  Education,  and  What  are  Its  Possibil- 
ities ?  "    President  C.  L.  Ingersoll,  Fort  Collins. 

Discussion — Miss  Brown,  Black  Hawk. 

''  The  Teacher  as  a  Member  of  Society,"  Fanny  Manly, 
Georgetown. 

The  following  officers  were  elected  for  the  ensuing  year : 

President,  David  Boyd,  Greeley. 

Vice-President,  W.  W.  Remington,  Fort  Collins. 

Secretary,  W.  C.  Thomas,  Leadville. 

Treasurer,  J.  C.  Shattuck,  Denver. 

Executive  Committee,  J.  C.  McClung,  Pueblo  ;  R.  H.  Beggs, 
Denver ;  A.  C.  Courtney,  Golden. 


—  73  — 

TENTH  MEETING. 

The  tenth  annual  meeting  of  the  Association  was  held  at 
Denver,  December  29,  30  and  31,  1884. 

Rev.  Myron  W.  Reed  delivered  a  lecture  Monday  evening, 
December  29. 

The  remainder  of  the  programme  was  as  follows : 

President's  Address — David  Boyd,  Greeley. 

Paper — "Unmarked  Results,"  Harriet  Scott,  Pueblo. 

"  Scientific  Temperance  Instruction  in  Schools,"  A.  B.  Cope- 
land,  Greeley. 

"A  New  Demand,"  T.  B.  Gault,  South  Pueblo. 

"  Philosophy  of  Teaching,"  Miss  M.  A.  B.  Witter,  North 
Denver. 

''What  Lack  We  Yet?"    Jos.  C.  Shattuck,  Denver. 

Discussion — Fred.  Dick,  Trinidad. 

Lecture — "  The  Development  of  Character,"  Prof  Edwin  C. 
Hewett,  Normal,  Ills. 

"The  Microscope  in  the  School  Room,"  H.  F.  Wegener, 
West  Denver. 

"  Method  and  Variety  in  School  Work,"  Mary  E.  Newell, 
Leadville. 

"  Theory  as  Related  to  Practice  in  Teaching,"  Chas.  A. 
McMurry,  Denver. 

"  Plow  to  Secure  a  Judicious  Cut-down  in  Geography," 
Pres.  J.  A.  Sewall,  Boulder. 

"  Selection  and  Use  of  School  Libraries,"  Frona  R.  Houghan, 
Denver. 

"  School  Reading,"  E.  C.  Stevens,  Alamosa. 

"  Mistakes  in  School  Management,"  E.  L  Byington,  Col- 
orado Springs. 

Discussion — T.  E.  Irwin,  La  Junta. 

"  The  Teacher  out  of  School,"  Aaron  Gove,  Denver. 

The  following  are  a  part  of  the  resolutions  passed  at  the 
close  of  this  meeting : 

Resolved,  That  the  Hon.  H,  M.  Hale,  with  two  others  whom 
he  may  appoint,  shall  constitute  a  committee,  the  duty  of  which 


—  74  — 

shall  be  to  prepare  and  print  a  pamphlet  embodying  a  history  of 
the  schools  of  Colorado,  and  especially  a  history  of  this  Associa- 
tion, now  just  completing  its  tenth  year  of  life;  and  that  said 
committee  be  hereby  empowered  to  draw  on  the  treasury  of  this 
Association  to  the  extent  of  ^200  to  defray  expenses,  said  money 
to  be  refunded  from  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  said  pamphlet. 

Resolved,  That  it  is  the  decided  sense  of  this  Association  that 
the  true  aim  of  education  is  the  development  of  character ;  thaf 
the  culture  of  the  heart  should  never  be  subordinated  to  that  ot 
the  head — the  training  of  the  conscience  to  the  training  of  the 
intellect — and  that  in  the  realization  of  this  aim  we  recognize  as 
the  most  potent  factor  a  true  Christian  morality  embodied  in  the 
character  of  the  living  teacher  and  pervading  and  guiding  all  the 
work  of  the  school. 

The  following  are  the  officers  elected  for  the  coming  year  : 

President,  L.  S.  Cornell,  Denver. 

Vice-President,  

Secretary,  James  H.  Van  Sickle,  North  Denver. 

Treasurer,  Jos.  C.  Shattuck,  Denver. 


Executive  Committee,  George  B.  Long,  Denver ; 


Leonard. 


Part   III. 


Biographical    Sketches. 


B 


lOGRAPHICAL     :!>KETCHES. 


JAMES  H.  BAKER. 

James  H.  Baker,  for  the  past  ten  years  Principal  of  the  Den- 
ver High  School,  was  born  in  Harmony,  Maine,  October  13, 
1848;  in  1870  he  removed  to  Lewiston,  having  entered  Bates 
College  in  that  city  the  year  before.  His  preparatory  education 
was  obtained  at  the  Hartland  Academy  and  Nichols  Latin 
School.  He  graduated  in  1873,  taking  next  to  the  highest  rank 
in  a  large  class,  notwithstanding  much  unavoidable  absence.  He 
had  a  varied  experience  in  teaching  in  district  and  grammar 
schools,  in  the  Topsham  Family  School  for  Boys,  and  as  Principal 
of  the  Anson  and  East  Lebanon  Academies.  After  graduating 
from  college  he  was  engaged  as  Principal  of  the  Yarmouth  High 
School.  This  institution  had  for  many  years  been  known  as 
Yarmouth  Academy,  but  it  was  at  this  time  converted  into  a 
public  high  school,  and  its  organization  and  the  preparation  of  a 
course  of  study  were  entrusted  to  Mr.  Baker.  The  Superintend- 
ing School  Committee  of  Yarmouth  in  their  report  of  1 874  speak 
as  follows: 

"  Mr.  Baker  has  proven  himself  a  good  disciplinarian,  an 
excellent  scholar  and  a  thorough,  systematic  teacher.  His  school 
has  been  a  model  of  good  order,  quietness  and  hard  study." 

The  following  year  they  say:  "The  Committee,  upon  each 
visit,  have  found  the  High  School  in  excellent  condition.  Its 
progress  has  been  onward  and  upward.  The  method  of  instruc- 
tion has  been  thorough,  and  the  discipline  all  that  could  be 
desired.  Indeed,  the  development  of  the  mental  faculties  of 
almost  every  pupil  has  been  exceedingly  gratifying  within  the 
past  year." 

Mr.  Baker  left  this  position  in  1875  to  take  charge  of  the 
Denver  High  School.     Of  his  work  here  the  History  of  Denver, 


-76- 

published  in  1880,  speaks  as  follows:  "The  upbuilding  of  the 
Denver  High  School,  almost  from  the  beginning,  is  mainly  due  to 
his  constant  and  unwearied  efforts.  He  is  a  gentleman  of  ripe 
scholarship  and  varied  experince  in  school  work.  He  is  a  con- 
stant student  and  an  enthusiastic  teacher,  earnestly  devoted  to 
his  profession.  Thorough,  concientious  and  methodical  himself, 
he  insists  upon  the  same  painstaking  care  on  the  part  of  his 
pupils.  He  has  labored  to  maintain  a  standard  of  school  work 
fully  equal  to  that  of  the  best  similar  institutions  in  the  eastern 
cities.  How  well  he  has  succeeded  the  present  flourishing  con- 
dition of  the  Denver  High  School  will  show." 

Since  the  above  statement  was  written  this  department  of 
the  Denver  Public  Schools  has  kept  pace  with  the  rapid  growth 
of  the  city,  and  the  development  of  the  school  system.  The  per- 
centage of  enrollment  in  the  High  School  is  unusually  large.  The 
school  is  provided  with  a  superior  course  of  study,  and  in  all  its 
departments  it  is  furnished  with  nearly  everything  that  can  con- 
tribute to  its  efficiency.  During  his  residence  in  Denver  Mr. 
Baker  has  observed  the  workings  of  some  of  the  best  High 
School  systems  elsewhere  and  has  studied  the  methods  presented 
in  the  various  departments  of  the  Martha's  Vineyard  Summer 
Institute,  including  a  course  of  lectures  in  pedagogics.  Keeping 
thus  fully  abreast  with  all  the  most  advanced  methods  of  the 
times  he  has  been  quick  to  adopt  their  mcst  desirable  features, 
and  apply  them,  with  whatever  modifications  seemed  necessary, 
in  his  own  field  of  labor. 

In  addition  to  his  regular  work  he  has  been  a  constant  student 
of  several  special  branches,  including  metaphysics  and  literature. 
He  was  Alumni  Orator  at  his  college  in  1883.  In  1882  he  had  a 
virtual  offer  of  the  Presidency  of  the  Colorado  State  Agricultural 
College,  but  decided  to  remain  in  his  present  position.  He  has 
been  an  active  member  of  the  State  Teachers'  Association;  he 
was  President  of  the  Association  in  1880,  and  was  elected  Pres- 
ident of  the  High  School  and  College  section  for  1885. 


—  77  — 

AARON  GOVE. 

Aaron  Gove,  the  Superintendent,  has  had  charge  of  the  Den- 
ver city  schools  since  1874.  He  was  born  in  Hampton  Falls,  N. 
H.,  September  26,  1839.  When  he  was  eight  years  old  he  was 
taken  by  his  parents  to  Boston,  where  he  passed  through  the 
several  grades  of  the  public  schools.  In  1855  his  father  removed 
to  Illinois  and  settled  in  La  Salle  Coynty,  where,  for  ten  years  he 
was  the  village  blacksmith.  Mr.  Gove  began  teaching  at  the  age 
of  fifteen,  and  in  the  interims  between  the  sessions  of  his  schools 
completed  the  course  at  the  Illinois  State  Normal  School.  In 
the  summer  of  1 86 1  he  entered  the  volunteer  service  of  the 
United  States  Army,  remaining  three  years,  the  last  two  as 
Adjutant  of  the  Thirty-Third  Illinois  Infantry.  Soon  after  leaving 
the  service  he  returned  to  his  profession  and  took  charge  of  the 
schools  at  his  old  home  at  New  Rutland,  Illinois.  In  1868  he 
accepted  an  invitation  to  superintend  the  schools  at  Normal,  111. 
Here  he  remained  five  years  teaching,  and  owning  and  editing 
the  Illinois  Schoolmaster,  a  State  educational  journal  of  high 
standing.  In  1874  he  was  called  to  the  Superintendency  of  the 
Denver  Schools,  which  position  he  accepted,  and  which  he  now 
occupies. 

He  has  devoted  his  life  to  the  work  of  the  school  room^ 
Entering  at  the  age  of  three  years,  he  has  been  in  the  school 
room  almost  every  school  day  for  forty  years.  He  is  a  careful  and 
successful  manager,  a  devoted  worker  in  the  cause  of  public  edu- 
cation, and  in  recognition  of  his  superior  ability  and  high  stand- 
ing among  the  educators  of  the  country,  Dartmouth  College,  at 
which  his  eldest  son  is  now  (1885)  a  Sophomore,  conferred  upon 
him,  in  1878,  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts. 


78 


LEONIDAS  S.  CORNELL. 

Leonidas  S.  Cornell  was  born  at  Athens,  Ohio,  and  at  an 
early  age  moved  with  his  parents  to  Fulton  County,  Illinois.  His 
father  was  a  farmer  and  found  plenty  of  work  for  his  son  for  nine 
months  in  the  year,  the  other  three  months  being  devoted  to 
educational  work  at  the  district  school.  As  time  passed  on  the 
opportunities  for  attending  school  increased,  and  at  the  age  of 
eighteen  Mr.  Cornell  began  teaching,  having  previously  prepared 
for  college  at  Fulton  Seminary.  He  taught  for  two  years,  and 
then  entered  the  ministry,  and  took  a  three-years'  course  in  the- 
ology at  the  same  time.  Having  determined  to  take  a  course  at 
college  he  now  entered  Westfield  College  and  compled  the  scien- 
tific course  and  received  the  degree  of  B.  S.  After  this  he  took 
charge  af  a  congregation  at  Bloomington,  Illinois,  which  position 
he  held  as  pastor  until  failing  health  caused  him  to  seek  a  home 
in  Colorado. 

He  reached  Denver  in  February,  1873,  and  soon  after  taught 
his  first  school  in  Colorado,  which  was  an  ungraded  one  in 
Jefferson  County.  After  teaching  two  years  in  this  school  Mr. 
Cornell  went  to  Boulder  County,  and  taught  until  elected  County 
Superintendent  of  Schools.  He  was  Principal  of  the  Longmont 
High  School  when  nominated  for  the  office.  This  office  he  held 
for  two  terms  and  until  the  fall  of  1880,  when  he  was  nominated 
and  elected  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  of  the  State  for 
a  term  of  two  years.  At  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  office  he 
took  charge  of  the  public  schools  of  Del  Norte,  Colorado,  which 
position  he  held  until  the  first  of  January,  1885,  when  he  resigned 
for  the  purpose  of  entering  the  second  time  the  office  of  Super- 
intendent of  Public  Instruction,  he  having  again  been  elected  to 
that  office  at  the  election  in  November  by  a  flattering  majority. 
At  the  meeting  of  the  State  Teachers'  Association,  held  in  Den- 
ver, December,  1885,  Mr.  Cornell  was  elected  President  of  that 
body. 

In  appearance  Mr.  Cornell  is  tall  and  erect,  being  about  six 
feet  two,  and  weighs  185  pounds.       He  has  dark  hair  and  beard. 


—  79  — 

and  a  keen  grey  eye.  He  is  a  man  of  great  energy,  quick  in 
motion,  and  capable  of  doing  a  large  amount  of  work.  Mr.  Cor- 
nell is  now  a  little  past  forty  and  appears  to  be  good  yet  for  many 
years  of  useful  service  in  the  school  work. 


LUCINDA  WASHBURN. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  born  in  Potsdam,  St.  Law- 
rence County,  N.  Y.,  in  the  year  i§36,  being  just  a  few  years  too 
late  for  that  old  landmark  of  pioneer  days,  the  log  schoolhouse ; 
and  several  years  too  early  to  reap  any  special  benefit  from  the 
State  Normal  School,  now  located  at  that  place.  The  early 
years  of  her  school  life  were  passed  in  the  district  schools  of  the 
village  and  vicinity  ;  while,  after  that  time,  the  struggle  for  an 
education,  or  rather  for  the  foundation  of  one,  was  continued  in 
what  was  then  known  as  the  St.  Lawrence  Academy,  but  which 
in  after  years  gave  place  to  the  Normal  School  above  mentioned. 
Like  most  children  who  are  born  of  "poor  but  respectable  par- 
ents," she  was  made  to  realize  early  in  life  the  stern  but  whole- 
some truth  that  "  Life  is  real,  life  is  earnest."  She  was  also 
taught  to  believe  that  in  order  to  make  that  life  a  comfortable  suc- 
cess, it  must  be  filled  with  useful  and  pleasant  as  well  as  profita- 
ble duties.  Having  developed  in  childhood  a  disposition  to  disci- 
pline and  govern  the  household,  it  was  decided  by  the  elder  mem- 
bers of  the  family,  as  well  as  by  her  own  inclinations,  that  she 
should  turn  her  attention  to  the  art  of  teaching.  As  is  usual  in 
such  cases,  there  were  several  terms  of  what  is  called  "practice 
work"  in  the  district  schools  near  her  home,  while  she  was  yet  a 
school  girl.  This  early  experience,  with  the  instruction  which 
was  gathered  from  institutes,  together  with  constant  study,  has 
enabled  her  to  formulate  methods  by  which  she  has  attained  to  at 
least  average  success  in  her  chosen  life  work.  At  the  age  of  1 8 
she  made  a  trip  to  Wisconsin  for  the  purpose  of  visiting  friends ; 
also  to  make  an  actual  beginning  in  the  work  of  teaching.  At 
the  expiration  of  two  years  she  returned  to  her  old  home,  where 
the  work  was  continued  in  the  different  districts  of  her  native  vil- 


—  8o  — 

lage,  in  what  was  then  known  as  Union  Schools  throughout  the 
East. 

In  1 86 1  shereturnedto  Wisconsin,  where  she  taught  for  several 
years  in  the  graded  schools  of  the  towns  of  Ripon  and  Berlin,  the 
greater  part  of  the  time,  however,  being  spent  in  the  former 
place.  Although  something  of  a  wanderer,  and  fond  of  new 
scenes  and  novel  experiences,  still  her  deepest,  best  and  warmest 
emotions  were  true  to  her  childhood  home  and  friends;  and  she 
often  found  herself  wandering  back  to  them,  sometimes  for  only 
a  summer's  vacation,  at  others  for  a  year  or  two  of  work  and 
pleasure  combined.  The  Wisconsin  work  occupied  in  all  about 
ten  years,  and  was  given  at  three  different  periods.  The  greater 
part  of  the  work  done  in  the  East  was  in  her  native  town ;  how- 
ever, two  years  that  were  spent  in  the  schools  of  Watertown, 
Jefferson  County,  N.  Y.,  she  considers  the  most  useful  to  herself,, 
as  well  as  in  many  ways  the  most  beneficial  to  her  pupils,  of  any 
of  the  years  of  her  work. 

In  1874  her  "Bohemian  tendencies"  attracted  her  to  the 
"wilds  of  Colorado,"  where  she  met  with  cordial  words  of  sym- 
pathy and  encouragement  from  active  workers  who  were  already 
in  the  field  and  laboring  zealously  for  the  cause  of  education. 
Her  work  in  Colorado  has  been  confined  entirely  to  the  schools 
of  Georgetown  and  Boulder  ;  that  in  the  latter  place  being  given 
after  the  first  two  years  in  Georgetown.  Her  labors  in  George- 
town began  with  the  opening  of  the  new  building  and  the  grading 
of  the  schools  in  the  winter  of  1875.  She  is  at  present  finishing 
her  eighth  year  of  service  in  those  schools,  where  she  has  worked 
in  each  and  every  department,  whenever  and  wherever  in  the 
minds  of  the  people  she  could  best  serve  the  interests  of  the 
school.  Wherever  her  future  field  of  labor  may  be,  she  feels  that 
the  ten  years  passed  in  Colorado  and  in  association  with  her 
warm-hearted  people  are  to  be  counted  among  the  happiest  of  her 
life,  and  that  she  must  ever  look  upon  the  "  Sunny  Land  "  as  the 
land  of  her  adoption,  to  be  returned  to  from  time  to  time  with 
feelings  second  only  to  those  which  she  entertains  for  her  child- 
hood's home. 


I  «  .  *      •  .- 


•    a       1    1  V       • 


—  8i 


DAVID   BOYD. 

David  Boyd  was  born  in  Antrim  County,  Ireland,  in  1833,  of 
Scotch  Presbyterian  parents.  He  immigrated  with  his  father's  fam- 
ily to  the  United  States  in  185  i.  The  family  remained  two  years  in 
Western  New  York,  when  he  moved  with  it  to  the  State  of  Mich- 
igan, where  he  was  engaged  in  ^farming  until  1857,  when  he 
entered  the  Tecumseh  High  School  wnth  the  view  of  preparing 
for  admission  to  the  Michigan  State  University.  This  he  entered 
in  the  autumn  of  1859,  having  received  the  Bernard  scholarship, 
one  of  two  then  awarded  to  students  who  stood  highest  in  the 
examinations  required  on  entering  the  classical  course  of  the  Uni- 
versity. 

He  remained  in  the  University  until  the  completion  of  the 
third  course,  when  he  entered  as  a  private  in  Company  I,  Eight- 
eenth Michigan  Infantry.  He  remained  in  this  regiment  until  the 
autumn  of  1863,  when  he  accepted  a  commission  from  Andrew 
Johnson,  then  military  Governor  of  Tennessee,  for  the  purpose  of 
recruiting  negroes  for  the  United  States  army.  In  February  of 
next  year  he  was  mustered  in  as  Captain  of  Company  A,  Fortieth 
United  States  C.  Infantry,  in  which  capacity  he  served  to 
the  close  of  the  war  and  was  mustered  out  with  the  'regiment, 
April  25,   1865. 

As  he  had  been  pursuing  the  studies  of  the  senior  year  dur- 
ing the  last  year  of  army  life,  when  he  returned  to  Michigan  he 
was  examined  with  the  class  of  1866  and  graduated  as  a  member 
of  it,  then  receiving  the  degree  of  A.  B.  Three  years  later  he 
received  from  the  same  University  the  degree  A.  M.  After  grad- 
uating he  married,  purchased  a  farm  in  the  State  of  Michigan, 
where  he  remained  until  the  spring  of  1870,  when  he  joined  the 
colony  that  settled  at  Greeley,  Weld  County,  Colo.  Since  then 
his  principal  occupation  has  been  farming,  but  he  has  been  much 
connected  with  the  schools  of  that  town  and  county,  having  been 
President  of  the  Greeley  School  Board  and  Superintendent  of  the 


—  82  — 

schools  of  the  county.  He  has  been  for  some  time  President  of 
the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  the  members  of  which  are  trus- 
tees of  the  State  Agricultural  college. 

In  1876  he  attended  the  first  meeting  of  the  Colorado  State 
Teachers'  Association,  and  has  attended  and  taken  an  active  part 
in  all  its  sessions  since  held  save  one. 

Not  being  himself  a  teacher,  it  was  no  doubt  in  view  of  the 
early  and  continued  interest  which  he  has  taken  in  the  Associa- 
tion which  led  it,  at  its  session  held  in  Greeley,  1883,  to  elect  him 
its  ninth  President. 


JAMES  S.  McCLUNG. 

James  S.  McClung  was  born  near  Hennepin,  Putnam  County, 
Ills.,  July  I,  1838.  Until  about  eighteen  years  of  age  he  lived 
on  the  home  farm,  attending  a  district  school  during  the  winter 
terms,  generally  of  three  or  four  months. 

In  the  autumn  of  1856  he  went  to  Ohio  and  spent  one  year 
at  South  Salem  Academy,  beginning  his  preparatory  work  for 
college. 

Returning  home  at  the  end  of  the  year,  he  went  to  work  on 
the  farm  again,  keeping  on  with  his  studies,  in  part,  under  the 
directions  of  the  Rev.  John  Marquis,  a  Presbyterian  clergyman. 

In  1859  he  entered  the  Freshman  class  at  Illinois  College 
and  continued  there  until  he  completed  the  Sophomore  year.  In 
September,  1861,  he  took  charge  of  the  village  graded  school  at 
Granville,  Putnam  County,  Ills.  At  the  end  of  the  school  year 
he  left  his  studies  and  enlisted  as  a  recruit  in  Company  E,  Fourth 
Illinois  Cavalry. 

In  the  spring  of  1863  he  was  afflicted  with  sore  eyes,  from 
which  he  did  not  recover  sufficiently  to  be  able  to  study  for 
several  years.  In  May,  1865,  he  was  discharged  from  the  service, 
but  found  that  the  condition  of  his  eyes  would  not  allow  him  to 
continue  his  studies  at  college. 


-83- 

He  attempted  teaching  again  in  the  spring  of  1866,  at 
Harvard,  Ills.,  but  was  obliged  to  quit  on  account  of  his  eyes.  In 
1868  he  was  appointed  to  fill  a  vacancy  as  County  Superintend- 
ent of  Schools  in  Putnam  County,  Ills.  In  1869  he  was  again 
elected  to  this  office,  and  at  the  same  time  took  charge  of  the 
graded  school  at  Hennepin,  Ills.  At  the  end  of  the  next  school 
year  he  resigned  his  office  to  take  charge  of  the  schools  at 
Henry,  Marshall  County,  Ills.  After  remaining  three  years  at 
Henry,  he  resigned  to  accept  a  ^milar  position  at  Delavan,  Ills. 
Here  he  remained  for  six  years,  from  1873  to  1879. 

In  1868  he  became  a  member  of  the  Illinois  State  Teachers' 
Association,  and  attended  its  meetings  regularly  until  he  left  the 
State.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Illinois  State  Society  of 
School  Principals  ;  he  was  Secretary  of  this  Society  for  two 
years,  and  President  of  the  same  in  the  year  1875. 

In  August,  1870,  he  was  asked  to  take  charge  of  the  schools 
at  Pueblo,  Colo.  This  appointment  he  accepted,  and  has  just 
entered  on  hi^  seventh  years'  work  in  this  place. 


I.  C  DENNETT. 

I.  C.  Dennett,  the  seventh  President  of  the  State  Teachers' 
Association,  was  born  December  7,  1849,  and  is  a  native  of 
Maine.  He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Lewiston, 
Maine,  and  graduated  from  Bates  College  in  1873.  For  three 
years  he  was  Principal  of  the  High  School  at  Castine  and  at 
Yarmouth.  In  1876  he  settled  in  Colorado,  first  as  Principal  of 
Schools  at  Central  City  and  afterward  as  Superintendent  of 
Schools  at  Pueblo. 

In  1879  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Greek  and  Latin  in 
the  University  of  Colorado,  at  Boulder.  In  1883  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  chair  of  Latin,  which  he  still  occupies. 


-84- 

JOSEPH  A.  SEWALL. 

The  State  University  of  Colorado  was  opened  at  Boulder  on 
the  third  of  September,  1877,  and  Dr.  Joseph  A.  Sewall  was 
installed  as  its  first  President.  Pres.  Sewall,  when  chosen,  was 
Professor  of  Natural  Sciences  in  the  State  Normal  School  of 
Illinois.  He  is  a  native  of  Scarborough,  Me.,  and  received  a 
medical  education  in  Boston,  Mass.  He  afterward  pursued  a 
course  of  study  in  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School  of  Harvard 
University. — Appleton's  Encyclopcedia. 


JOSEPH  C.  SHATTUCK. 

was  born  February  28,  1835,  at  Marlboro,  N.  H.,  and  educated 
in  the  common  schools  and  in  Westminster  Seminary,  West- 
minster, Vt.  In  1857  he  entered  Wesleyan  University  at  Middle- 
town,  Conn.,  but  soon  after  went  to  Missouri  to  engage  in 
teaching.  In  i860  he  returned  North  and  taught  at  Phillipsburg, 
N.  J.,  and  afterward  in  New  Hampshire. 

In  1862  he  received  the  appointment  of  chief  clerk  in  the 
quartermarter's  office  at  Lebanon,  Mo.,  entering  upon  its  duties 
January,  1863,  and  remaining  till  near  the  close  of  the  war.  In 
1866  he  resumed  teaching  in  Missouri.  In  1870  he  joined  Union 
Colony  and  removed  to  Colorado,  being  one  of  the  early  settlers 
of  Greeley,  and  organizing  the  first  graded  school  in  the  new 
town.  In  1 87 1  he  was  elected  one  of  the  trustees  of  the  colony, 
and  in  1872  Vice-President,  which  position  he  held  until  he  was 
elected  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  of  the  State  at  the 
first  State  election,  October,  1876.  He  was  re-elected  in  1878 
and  again  elected  in  1882. 

In  June,  1885,  he  was  elected  by  the  Trustees  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Denver,  Dean  of  the  Academic  Department,  and  put 
in  charge  of  the  premises  as  chief  executive  officer  in  all  business 
affairs  of  the  institution.  He  was  married  August  17,  1858,  to 
Miss  Hattie  M.  Knight,  of  Marlborough,  N.  H.,  and  has  three 
children. 


-85- 

HORACE  MORRISON  HALE. 

was  born  at  Hollis,  N.  H  ,  March  6,  1833,  the  fourth  son  in  a 
a  family  of  five  boys  and  one  girl.  His  father's  name  was  John, 
and  his  mother's  maiden  name  Jane  Morrison,  a  lineal  descendant 
of  John  Morrison,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Londonderry,  N. 
H.,  (1720.)  His  father's  ancestors  were  also  early  settlers  in  New 
Hampshire  and  Massachusetts.  The  line  of  ancestry,  on  his 
father's  side,  leads  back  to  the  English,  and  on  his  mother's  side 
to  the  Scotch. 

In  1837  his  father  moved  to  Rome,  N.  Y.,  and,  after  a  resi- 
dence there  of  four  years,  to  North  Bloomfield,  N.  Y.,  where  the 
family  remained  until  the  death  of  the  father,  in  1852. 

His  father  being  a  mechanic  and  inventor,  the  proprietor  of 
a  foundry  and  machine  shop,  and  also  of  a  manufacturing 
establishment  for  agricultural  implements,  threshing  machines, 
etc  ,  and  a  firm  believer  in  the  doctrine  that  boys  should  work, 
Horace  became,  at  an  early  age,  familiar  with  tools  and  quite 
expert  in  the  various  branches  of  handicraft,  both  of  wood  and 
iron ;  so  that  he  had  the  advantages  of  an  industrial  education 
during  about  nine  months  of  each  year,  while  his  schooling  cov- 
ered three  months,  at  the  village  school. 

Soon  after  the  death  of  his  father  the  family  became  separa- 
ted; the  older  children  had  become  of  age,  and  the  younger  were 
thrown  upon  their  own  resources.  Horace,  although  entirely  with- 
out money,  resolved  to  take  a  college  course.  In  the  winter  of 
1852,  the  trustees  of  a  neighboring  district  offered  him  the  situa- 
tion of  teacher  of  their  school,  at  ;^I4  a  month  and  "board  'round." 
This  he  accepted,  and  thus  at  the  age  of  nineteen — a  mere  boy 
— weighing  less  than  a  hundred  pounds,  taking  charge  of  a 
country  school  of  forty-five  sons  and  daughters  of  farmers,  was 
begun  a  career  of  public  school  work  that  has  continued,  almost 
without  interruption,  until  the  present  time. 

In  the  spring  of  1853,  ^^^h  his  three  months'  wages  intact,  as 
capital,  he  entered  Genesee  Wesleyan  Seminary,  at  Lima,  N.  Y. ; 
taught  another  district  school  the  following  winter,  pursuing  at 


—  86  — 

the  same  time  his  studies  to  such  an  extent  that  when  he  returned 
to  Lima,  in  the  spring  of  1854,  he  was  upon  examination  admit- 
ted to  the  Sophomore  Class  of  Genesee  College.  After  completing 
the  Junior  year  he  took  a  letter  of  dismissal,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  Senior  Class  of  Union  College,  N.  Y.,  from  which  he  graduated 
in  1856.  He  had,  by  teaching  during  the  winters  and  by  working 
at  mechanical  work  and  in  the  harvest  field  during  vacations, 
been  enabled  to  keep  up  his  expenses,  and  save  a  little  money 
besides. 

After  graduating,  he  taught  the  Union  School  at  West 
Bloomfield,  N.  Y.  In  the  fall  of  1857  he  went  to  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  and  there  obtained  a  position  in  the  public  schools;  after 
teaching  in  a  subordinate  department  one  term  he  was  assigned 
to  a  principalship,  and  ultimately  the  Howard  School  of  750 
pupils  was  placed  m  his  charge.  This  position  he  held  until  the 
end  of  June,  1861.  He  had  the  supreme  satisfaction  of  voting 
twice  against  the  secession  of  Tennessee,  but  when  the  State  at 
the  second  election  decided  to  go  with  the  Confederacy,  he  con- 
cluded that  his  usefulness  there  was  at  an  end. 

In  1859,  at  Nashville,  he  married  Martha  Eliza  Huntington, 
his  schoolmate  of  boyhood  days  in  New  York,  and  then  an 
associate  teacher. 

Leaving  Nashville,  he,  with  his  wife,  returned  to  their  early 
home.  North  Bloomfield,  N.  Y.,  where  was  born  to  them,  August 
28,  1 86 1,  their  only  child, — Irving, — now  Second  Lieutenant  of 
Engineers  in  the  United  States  Army,  having  graduated  at  West 
Point,  in  June,  1884. 

In  the  fall  of  j86i,  the  family  moved  to  Detroit,  Mich.,  and 
Mr.  Hale  entered  the  law  office  of  Hon.  C  I.  Walker,  as  a 
student,  where  he  remained  until  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1863- 
While  pursuing  his  legal  studies  he  taught  an  evening  school, 
coached  the  son  of  Senator  Jacob  M.  Howard  who  was  fitting  for 
college  and  taught  three  hours  in  the  German-English  School, — 
being  compelled  to  do  so  to  keep  up  expenses,  the  savings  of 
himself  and  wife,  of  previous  years,  being  locked  up  in  Tennessee 


-87- 

in  real  estate  and  loans,  and  which  for  the  time  were  unavailable, 
having  been  nominally  confiscated  as  the  property  of  a  Union 
man. 

Although  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  ready  to  practice  in  all 
the  courts  of  Michigan,  he  found  that  the  extra  labor  undergone 
had  told  upon  his  health.  Bronchitis  had  such  a  hold  upon  him 
that  his  physician  ordered  a  change  of  climate  and  occupation. 

In  the  fall  of  1863,  leaving  his  wife  and  boy  at  North  Bloom- 
field,  he  with  his  brother  set  out  for  Colorado,  crossing  the  plains 
from  Atchison  to  Denver,  with  a  horse  and  buggy,  reaching  Cen- 
tral City,  his  brother's  home,  in  October.  During  the  following 
four  years  he  dropped  intellectual  pursuits  and  sedentary  habits, 
and  engaged  in  out  door  work  of  various  kinds — mechanical, 
mining,  teaming,  etc  In  1865  he  returned  to  New  York  for  his 
family,  crossing  the  plains  both  ways  with  a  mule  team.  This 
was  during  the  Indian  troubles  of  1865,  and  the  journey 
westward  covered  a  period  of  forty  days.  Emigrants  were  not 
allowed  to  travel,  except  with  large  trains,  and  picket  guards  were 
stationed  every  night. 

The  course  taken,  restored  his  health  completely,  and  in  1868 
he  returned  to  his  early  love,  accepting  the  principalship  of  the  Cen- 
tral City  Public  Schools.  This  he  retained  until  1873,  having  in 
the  mean  time  been  elected  to  the  office  of  County  Superinten- 
dent of  Schools  of  Gilpin  County.  In  1873  Governor  Elbert 
appointed  him  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  for  Colorado, 
to  fill  a  vacancy,  and  re-appointed  him  for  two  years  in  1874. 
He  was  continued  in  this  office  by  Governor  Routt,  until  the 
admission  of  Colorado  as  a  State,  in  1876.  While  Superinten- 
dent for  the  Territory,  he  framed  and  got  through  the  Legisla- 
ture, a  revised  School  Law,  which  has  proved  to  be  well  adapted 
to  the  peculiarities  of  the  wants  of  the  State. 

In  1877,  he  was  re-called  to  the  management  of  the  Central 
City  Schools,  which  position  he  now  (1885)  occupies,  being  his 
fourteenth  year  therein,  together  with  the  County  Superintendency. 

At  the  State  election  of  1 878  he  was  elected  by  the  Repub- 
lican party  a  Regent  of  the  State  University  for  six  years.       In 


—  88  — 

1 882  he  was  chosen  Mayor  of  Central  City,  and  again  in  1883. 
Not  one  of  the  public  offices  held  by  Mr.  Hale  was  sought  by 
him,  yet,  at  one  and  the  same  time,  was  he  State  Regent,  County 
Superintendent  of  Schools,  City  Mayor,  and  Principal  of  Public 
Schools. 

Mr.  Hale  has  had  the  satisfaction  of  witnessing  and  con- 
tributing to  the  advancement  of  the  public  schools  of  his  State, 
from  almost  nothing  in  1863,  to  a  rank  second  to  none  in  the 
Union.  The  fates  seem  to  have  kept  him  in  the  harness,  and  he 
has  enjoyed  the  work. 


Part    IV. 


State   Educational   Institutions, 


State   Educational   Institutions. 


Of  these  there  are  three,  the  University  at  Boulder,  the 
Agricultural  College  at  Fort  Collins,  and  the  School  of  Mines,  at 
Golden. 

THE  UNIVERSITY. 

The  University  of  Colorado  was  incorporated  by  an  act  of 
the  Territorial  Legislature  in  i86i,  and  the  location  fixed  at 
Boulder.  In  1871  three  public  spirited  citizens  of  Boulder 
donated  fifty-two  acres  of  land  adjoining  the  city,  valued  at 
^5,000. 

In  1874  the  Territorial  Legislature  appropriated  ^15,000, 
and  the  citizens  of  Boulder  appropriated  an  equal  sum,  in  cash, 
for  the  purpose  of  erecting  a  building. 

In  1875  Congress  set  apart  and  reserved  seventy-two  sec- 
tions of  the  public  lands  for  the  support  of  the  State  University. 

In  1876  the  Constitution  of  Colorado  provided  that,  upon  its 
adoption,  the  University  at  Boulder  should  become  an  institution 
of  the  State,  thus  entitling  it  to  the  lands  appropriated  by  Con- 
gress, and  further  made  provision  for  the  management  and  con- 
trol of  the  University,  and  the  first  General  Assembly  of  the  State 
made  provision  for  its  permanent  support  by  the  levy  of  a  tax  of 
one-fifth  of  a  mill  annually  upon  the  assessed  valuation  of  the 
property  of  the  State,  and  for  a  fund  to  be  secured  by  the  sale  of 
lands  donated  by  the  United  States. 

The  institution  was  opened  September,  1877,  with  two  teach- 
ers and  forty  pupils. 

In  1878  the  General  Assembly  appropriated  ;^7,ooo  for  fur- 
niture, apparatus,  etc. 

In  the  same  year  Mr.  C.  G.  Buckingham  donated  ;^2,ooo  for 
a  library. 

In   1882  the  General  Assembly  appropriated  one-fifth  of  a 


—  90  — 

mill  for  additional  buildings,  apparatus,  books,  etc.,  amounting  to 
about  ;^35,ooo. 

The  Medical  Department  was  established  in  1883. 

The  first  class  (six)  was  graduated  in  June,  1881,  each 
receiving  the  degree  of  A.  B, 

The  present  faculty  numbers  thirteen,  and  the  enrollment 
shows  an  attendance  ot  ninety-four. 


AGRICULTURAL   COLLEGE. 
The  act  creating  the  Agricultural  College  passed  February, 

1877,  when  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  took  hold  of  the  enter- 
prise.   Fort  Collins  was  the  chosen  location,  and  on  February  27, 

1878,  it  was  voted  to  erect  a  building.  The  corner  stone  was 
laid  July  29,  1878,  and  the  building  completed  the  same  year, 
but  the  school  was  not  formally  opened  until  September  I,  1879. 
The  dormitory  was  erected  in  1881,  the  chemical  laboratory  in 
1882,  and  thoroughly  fitted  in  May,  1883.  A  small  propagating 
house  was  built  in  1882  to  aid  horticulture,  while  the  present  con- 
servatory, with  curved  roof  and  all  modern  appliances,  was  com- 
pleted September  i,  1883  On  the  same  date  the  fine  mechanic 
shop  was  also  completed,  its  machinery  in  order  and  ready  to 
run.  The  College  has  developed  gradually,  until  there  are  the 
following  distinct  departments,  with  skilled  professors  at  the 
head  :  Agriculture,  Horticulture  and  Botany,  Physics  and  Chemis- 

,  try,  Mathematics,  Engineering,  and  Military  Science. 

Music  has  been  added  more  particularly  for  young  ladies. 

Of  those  called  to  the  work  of  the  institution  all  are  present 
except  Dr.  E.  E.  Edwards,  first  President,  Professor  F.  J.  Annis 
and  Professor  El  wood  Mead,  who  resigned  in  1881,  188.^  and 
1884  respectively,  and  are  now  engaged  in  other  fields  of  labor. 

The  College  was  reorganized  on  a  thorough  industrial  basis 
on  the  accession  of  the  second  President,  C.  L.  Ingersoll,  when 
one  full  line  of  work  was  added  to  the  curriculum.  Since  Sep- 
tember, I,  1882,  the  growth  has  been  steady  and  solid,  the  attend- 
ance in  1884-5  being  ninety-six,  and  the  graduates  in  June,  1885, 
numbering  nine. 


—  91  — 
THE  SCHOOL  OF  MINES. 

The  State  School  of  Mines  of  Colorado  was  established  by 
act  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  (Territorial)  in  1874.  In  1879, 
the  (State)  General  Assembly  placed  it  upon  a  definite  basis  by 
setting  apart  a  fixed  tax  (one-fifth  of  a  mill)  for  its  support,  and 
in  1880  the  south  wing  of  the  present  building  was  erected,  the 
faculty  increased,  and  regular  courses  established  ;  thus  enabling 
the  School  to  insure  a  competent  preparation  of  its  students  to 
fill  any  department  of  practical  Work  in  chemistry  and  engineering. 

In  1882,  the  building  was  greatly  enlarged,  and  can  now 
accommodate  over  one  hundred  students  in  technical  courses, 
containing  large  lecture  and  cabinet  halls,  laboratories,  reading 
room  and  library;  in  all,  including  assay  department,  over  twenty 
working,  recitation,  and  office  rooms.  The  laboratories  and  assay 
rooms  are  completely  fitted  for  analytical  research,  and  in  this,  as 
in  all  other  departments,  no  appliance  is  lacking  for  the  prosecu- 
tion of  practical  work. 

LOCATION. 

The  institution  is  situated  at  Golden,  sixteen  miles  west  of 
Denver,  on  the  Colorado  Central  railroad,  at  an  elevation  of  5,700 
feet.  No  place  in  the  State  has  a  better  record  for  health,  and  for 
those  acquainted  with  the  climate  of  Colorado  no  further  recom- 
mendation is  needed.  The  mining  districts  of  Clear  Creek, 
Gilpin,  and  Boulder  Counties,  are  all  within  three  hours'  ride 
by  rail. 

REQUIREMENTS    FDR    ADMISSION. 

Candidates  for  admission  must  be  not  under  seventeen  years 
of  age,  and  be  able  to  sustain  a  satisfactory  examination  in  English 
branches,  especially  higher  arithmetic.  Those  desiring  advanced 
standing  upon  entrance,  will  be  examined  in  .studies  of  the  course 
below  the  class  they  propose  to  enter.  A  certificate  from  another 
institution  of  equal  grade  as  to  completion  of  any  required  sub- 
ject, will  be  accepted  in  lieu  of  an  examination  upon  the  same. 


—  92  — 

COURSES    OF    STUDY. 

There  are  three  regular  courses  of  study,  viz :  Mining 
Engineering,  Civil  Engineering,  and  Metallurgy,  each  covering 
a  period  of  four  years..  During  the  first  and  second  years  the 
studies  are  the  same  for  all  the  courses,  after  which  they  diverge 
into  the  more  technical  branches  of  each  specific  course. 

SUBJECTS    TAUGHT. 

Chemistry  and  Assaying  are  taught  chiefly  by  manipulation 
in  the  laboratories,  which  are  the  most  complete  of  any  in  the 
West. 

Surveying  includes  a  large  amount  of  field  work,  to  which 
certain  days  are  entirely  devoted.  The  use  of  instruments,  plot- 
tirlg  and  mapping  form  essential  parts  of  the  course. 

In  the  course  in  Mining  Engineering  the  instruction  in  the 
lecture  room  is  supplemented  by  excursions  to  various  mining 
and  metallurgical  works,  for  which  the  region  offers  unusual 
facilities. 

The  course  in  Natural  Philosophy  is  extended  to  laboratory 
practice  in  Photography  and  Electricity. 

Drawing,  both  free-hand  and  mechanical,  has  special  rooms 
and  hours  devoted  to  it. 

The  course  in  Mathematics  is  complete ;  and  is  continued, 
the  last  year  of  all  complete  courses,  to  its  application  in  machines 
and  engineering. 

Geology  is  taught  by  lectures,  amply  illustrated  by  charts 
and  specimens,  and  by  frequent  excursions.  Few  regions  afford 
such  a  varied  field  of  geological  illustration,  as  the  country  within 
a  radius  of  fifteen  miles  from  Golden. 


THE  STATE  INDUSTRIAL  SCHOOL. 
The  State  Industrial  School  is  also  at  Golden.  This  is  a 
reform  school  for  boys,  and  was  established  in  1 88 1.  It  has  been 
from  the  first  in  charge  of  Mr.  W.  C.  Sampson,  and  has  been  very 
successful  in  keeping  and  controlling  its  boys  without  high  walls, 
or  any  prison  appliances. 


Part  V. 


Private  and    Denominational 
Institutions. 


Private   and    Denominational    Institu- 
tions. 


Of  such,  founded  by  the  ei\terprize  and  hberahty  of  churches 
and  individuals,  the  State  is  well  supplied.  In  many  of  our  cities 
and  towns  there  are  small  private  schools,  so  transient  in  character 
that  no  record  can  be  obtained. 

There  are  others  under  the  fostering  care  of  various  Christian 
churches  which  are  important  factors  in  the  educational  facilities 
of  the  State.  The  following  sketches  of  some  of  these  institu- 
tions have  been  prepared,  in  each  case,  by  some  friend  ot  the 
school, 


CATHOLIC  SHOOLS. 

DENVER. 

St.  Mary's  Academy,  founded  1864,  boarding  institution  for 
young  ladies,  under  the  direction  of  thirty  Sisters  of  Loretto. 
Gives  a  thorough  education  with  every  accomplishment,  and 
confers  diplomas  ;  75  boarders  and  1 00  select  day  scholars. 

Cathedral  Parochial  School,  under  the  direction  of  four  Sisters 
of  Loretto  ;  200  pupils. 

St.  Elizabeth's  Parochial  School,  under  the  direction  of  three 
Sisters  of  Loretto  ;    125  pupils.  fp!" 

Sacred  Heart's  Parochial  School,  under  the  direction  of  four 
Sisters  of  Charity;  250  pupils. 

St.  Patrick's  Parochial  School,  under  the  direction  of  three 
Sisters  of  St.  Joseph;   125  pupils. 

St.  Joseph's  Parochial  School,  under  the  direction  of  two 
Sisters  of  the  Good  Shepherd,  just  opened;  40  pupils. 


—  94  — 

MORRISON. 


College  of  the  Sacred  Heart,  conducted  by  the  Jesuit 
Fathers;  founded  September,  1884.    A  collegiate  school  for  boys. 

CENTRAL    CITY. 

St.  Patrick's  Parochial  School,  founded  in  1877,  under  the 
direction  of  four  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph  ;  95  pupils. 

GEORGETOWN. 

Parochial  School,  under  the  direction  of  three  Sisters  of  St. 
Joseph  ;    1 00  pupils. 

PUEBLO. 

Loretto  Academy,  founded  some  ten  years  ago,  conducted 
by  Sisters  of  Loretto,  ten  sisters  ;  90  pupils. 

St.  Patrick's  Parochial  School,  under  the  direction  of  three 
Sisters  of  Charity  ;    145  pupils. 

TRINIDAD, 

St.  Joseph's  Academy,  founded  some  ten  years  ago,  under 
the  direction  of  twelve  Sisters  of  Charity  ;  200  pupils. 

LEADVILLE. 

Parochial  School,  under  the  direction  of  seven  Sisters  of 
Charity ;   500  pupils. 

CONEJOS. 

Loretto  Academy,  founded  about  seven  years  ago,  conducted 
by  five  Sisters  of  Loretto  ;   100  pupils. 

DURANGO. 

St.  Mary's  School,  under  the  direction  of  three  Sisters  of 
Mercy ;   50  pupils. 

To  the  foregoing  I  might  add  the  Institution  of  the  Good 
Shepherd  in  this  city,  who  have  135  children  under  their  direction 
and  training;  also,  the  Orphan  Asylum,  who  have  80  children  in 
their  institution. 


—  95  — 
EPISCOPALIAN  SCHOOLS. 

WOLFE    HALL 

is  a  girls'  school  under  the  direction  of  the  Rt.  Rev.  John  ¥. 
Spalding,  Bishop  of  Colorado.  It  was  founded  in  1867,  and  is 
now  in  its  eighteenth  year.  It  occupies  the  large  school  build- 
ing, begun  in  1867  and  enlarged  in  1873  and  1879,  situated  on 
Champa  street,  between  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth,  in  the  city  of 
Denver.  It  derives  its  name  from  the  late  Mr.  John  D.  Wolfe, 
of  New  York,  a  generous  benefactor,  and  whose  daughter,  Miss 
Catherine  D.  Wolfe,  has,  since  her  father's  death,  aided  the  school 
with  a  liberal  annual  gift  of  money.  It  had  for  the  year  ending 
in  June,  1885,  150  pupils,  forty  of  whom  were  from  outside  the 
city  of  Denver.  They  are  under  the  care  and  instruction  of 
fifteen  teachers  and  a  chaplain,  all  of  whom,  except  the  four 
in.structors  in  music  and  elocution,  are  resident  in  the  Hall. 
French  and  German  are  taught  by  native  teachers,  and  the 
departments  of  art  and  music  are  systematized  into  courses  of 
study  requiring  a  series  of  years  for  their  completion.  Besides 
its  large  constituency  in  Denver,  its  pupils  come  from  all  parts  of 
Colorado,  from  Wyoming,  Nebraska,  New  Mexico,  Idaho  and 
Oregon.  It  has  a  primary,  intermediate  and  collegiate  depart- 
ment. Into  the  latter  no  student  is  admitted  without  a  thorough 
examination  in  preparatory  studies.  The  P^clectic  Club,  a  literary 
organization  of  the  students,  publishes  the  Wol/e  Hall  Banner,  a 
monthly  paper  containing  articles  written  by  the  students  alone 
and  current  events  of  the  school.  There  is  also  a  missionary 
organization,  the  S  Agnes  Guild.  .  The  present  Principal  is  Miss 
Frances  M.  Buchan. 

JARVIS    HALL. 

In  1868,  Rt.  Rev.  Geo.  M.  Randall  received  a  deed  of  twelve 
acres  of  land,  near  Golden,  conditioned  on  the  maintenance 
thereon  of  a  collegiate  school.  He  at  once  began  the  erection  of 
a  building  with  school-room  for  thirty  pupils,  alcoves  for  twenty 
boarding  pupils,  and  living  apartments  for  the  necessary  teachers. 
This  building  was,  unfortunately,  blown  down  on  the  morning  of 


-96- 

Thanksgiving  day  of  the  same  year.  In  the  following  winter 
Bishop  Randall  succeeded  in  securing  money  enough  in  the  East 
and  from  friends  in  Denver  to  rebuild.  Geo.  A.  Jarvis  of  Brook- 
lyn, New  York,  had  given  ^5,000  towards  the  original  building, 
and  Bishop  Randall  had  named  the  school,  in  honor  of  Abraham 
Jarvis,  one  of  the  earliest  bishops  of  ('onnecticut,  Jarvis  Hall. 
Towards  the  rebuilding  Mr.  Jarvis  gave  an  additional  ^2,000. 
The  School  was  reopened  in  September,  1870,  and  near  it  was 
soon  after  built  a  building  for  a  School  of  Mines,  with  money 
granted  by  the  Territorial  Legislature.  In  1872,  a  third  building 
for  a  Divinity  School  was  erected  with  money  given  by  Nathan 
Matthews,  of  Boston,  Mass.  On  the  fourth  and  sixth  of  April, 
1878,  Matthews  and  Jarvis  Hall  were  destroyed  ty  fire;  and,  as 
the  schools  in  Golden  had  never  met  the  expectations  of  their 
friends,  with  the  approval  of  their  largest  benefactors  they  were 
removed  to  Denver. 

Since  1879  Jarvis  Hall  has  been  carried  on  at  its  present 
site.  Year  by  year  its  friends  have  seen  changes  for  the  better  in 
its  educational  management  and  in  its  external  appearance.  In 
1885  it  was  thoroughly  rebuilt,  much  additional  room  being 
provided,  an^  the  plumbing,  heating  and  ventilating  apparatus 
were  completely  renewed.  The  building  is  now  an  additional 
ornament  to  the  city,  and  the  comfort  and  health  of  its  occupants 
are  as  well  provided  for  as  in  any  school  building  in  the  town. 


CONGREGATIONALIST  SCHOOLS. 

COLORADO     COLLEGE. 

The  first  organized  college  in  Colorado  is  the  memorial  of  a 
beautiful  American  girl,  who  lost  her  life  for  the  love  of  learning. 
She  came  as  a  young  consumptive  to  our  Territory  in  the  spring 
of  1873,  and  died  the  next  autumn  at  the  age  of  14.  When  vis- 
iting General  Palmer's  residence  one  day,  and  looking  at  the 
eagles  on  the  rocks  and  in  the  air,  she  suggested  the  "founding 
of  a  school  near  by,  where  youth  inclined  to  pulmonary  diseases 


—  97  — 

might  learn  to  soar,  as  light  of  heart  and  strong  of  wing  as  old 
Glen  Eyre's  king  of  birds,"  whose  life  among  the  cliffs  and  flight 
above  the  clouds  symbolized  her  own  aspiring  hope  and  faith, 
which  sang  at  last, 

"Jesus,  lover  of  my  soul, 
Let  me  to  thy  bosom  fly." 

Soon  after  "Florence  Edward's"  death  her  father.  Professor 
T.  N.  Haskell,  laid  before  the  Congregational  Conference,  at 
Boulder,  her  idea  of  startthg  a  college,  open  to  both  sexes  and  all 
races,  and  as  their  chosen  Moderator  he  convened  the  Associa- 
tion again  in  Denver  January,  20,  1874,  to  consider  the  proposi- 
tion of  .several  towns  in  aid  of  such  an  enterprise.  His  address 
on  that  occasion  was  the  first  pamphlet  published  in  Colorado 
upon  "Collegiate  Education"  here,  though  many  had  spoken 
and  thought  of  its  importance  before.  The  Conference  gratefully 
accepted  the  offer  from  Colorado  Springs  of  seventy  acres  of  city 
land  and  ;^io.ooo  cash,  and  appointed  a  Self  Perpetuating  Board 
of  Trust,  which  should  ever  have  a  majority  of  Christian  men  to 
keep  the  college  evangelical,  non-sectarian,  and  in  sympathy 
with  the  progress  of  the  age. 

The  Trustees  met  at  once,  named  the  school  Colorado  Col- 
lege, and  made  Professor  Haskell  its  General  Agent,  to  solicit 
funds  and  help  select  a  faculty.  At  his  suggestion  Rev.  Jonathan 
Edwards,  of  Massachusetts,  was  engaged  to  open  (May,  6,  1874) 
a  Preparatory  Department,  and  so  many  advanced  students  came 
that  at  the  end  of  the  first  term  a  committee  of  educated  men 
passed  thirteen  of  them  to  the  literary  and  scientific  freshman 
rank.  Meanwhile  the  Agent  raised  money  for  a  temporary 
building  and  endowment  pledges  of  several  thousand  dollars. 

The  next  year  Rev.  Mr.  Dougherty,  nominated  by  Dr.  Stur- 
tevant,  of  Denver,  became  the  President,  and  under  him,  though 
many  of  the  students  were  diverted  to  other  colleges  and  secular 
pursuits,  the  work  went  on. 

In  1876  Rev.  E.  P.  Tenny  was  chosen  to  preside,  aided  by 
several  professors   from  the  East.     May  31,  1878,  he  was  duly 


-98- 

inaugurated.  The  new  stone  building,  with  the  library,  apparatus 
and  college  grounds  were  formally  dedicated.  Over  200  annual 
students  were  enrolled,  and  two,  Parker  Sedgewick  Halleck  and 
Frederick  Welles  Tuckerman,  were  graduated  as  "  Colorado's  first 
Bachelors  of  Arts." 

The  patronage  of  the  College  grew,  till,  in  1884,  for  mone- 
tary mistakes,  the  Board  unanimously  voted  the  Presidency  again 
vacant,  which  at  this  writing  is  still  unfilled.  The  Faculty,  Board 
and  .students,  however,  it  is  believed,  were  never  doing  better  col- 
lege work  than  now  Financial  embarrassments  have  been 
removed,  and  ardent,  able  friends,  both  old  and  new,  declare  that 
Colorado  College  must  not  decline  or  die.  Its  founders  deem  it 
a  memorial  almost  divine,  and  the  land,  deeded  for  its  exclusive 
educational  use,  as  inalienable  and  "holy  ground." 

This  denomination  also  has  a  school  at  Trinidad  called 
Tillotson  Academy,  opened  in  1884. 


mp:thodist  schools. 

Colorado  Seminary  was  chartered  by  the  Territorial  Legis- 
lature in  1864,  and  a  two-story,  four- room  building  erected  on  the 
corner  of  Arapahoe  and  Fourteenth  streets,  in  which  a  school 
of  academic  grade  was  opened  in  the  fall  of  the  .same  year.  Finan- 
cial embarrassment  closed  the  school  at  the  end  of  the  first  year, 
and  the  building  was  ultimately  sold  for  debt.  It  was  bought 
by  Ex-Governor  John  P^vans,  and  held  by  him  until  1879,  when 
he  proposed  to  donate  it  to  the  cause  of  education  if  the  Board 
of  Trustees  would  reorganize  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of 
1864.  This  was  done.  Governor  Evans,  J.  W.  Bailey  and  others 
made  large  cash  donations,  new  and  commodious  buildings  were 
erected,  and  the  property  is  now  valued  at  $120,000. 

In  1880  the  University  of  Denver  was  organized,,  and  in  the 
fall  of  that  year  it  began  its  work  in  the  buildings  owned  by  Col- 
orado Seminary,  with  Dr.  D.  H.  Moore  as  Chancellor.  Under 
his  direction,  supported  by  an  able  P\aculty,  it  has  had  a  prosper- 


—  99— 

ous  career.  The  Trustees  have  recently  purchased  additional 
property  and  opened  therein  a  School  of  Manual  Training — the 
first  of  its  kind  west  of  St.  Louis.  In  November,  1884,  Mrs.  E. 
Iliff-Warren  offered  to  endow  a  theological  school  as  a  depart- 
ment of  the  University  with  ;$  100,000,  if  other  friends  would 
raise  ^50,000  to  endow  other  chairs.  This  having  been  done,  the 
University  may  be  regarded  as  having  passed  its  infancy  and 
entered  upon  its  permanent  work. 

It  has  a  Primary,  Preparatory  and  Collegiate  Department. 
In  the  latter  the  standard  for  graduation  is  as  high  as  that  of  any 
college  in  the  country.  Its  doors  are  open  to  both  sexes.  It 
has  a  boarding  department  in  charge  of  the  Dean  of  the  Faculty 
and  Lady  Principal.     It  provides  instruction  in  music  and  art. 

At  South  Pueblo  the  Southern  Methodists  have  established 
the  Collegiate  Institute,  opened  in  1884. 


prp:sbyterian  schools. 

Under  the  auspices  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  a  Prepara- 
tory School  was  opened  at  Salida  in  1883,  a  college  at  Del  Norte 
in  1884,  and  another  at  Longmont  in  1885. 


MILITARY  INSTITUTE. 

At  Canon  City  is  located  the  Military  Institute,  nominally 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Grand  Army  Posts.  It  was  established 
in    1881. 


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STAMPED  BELOW 

AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
^HiS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  50  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
^Y  TnD  TO%i.OO  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
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THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  UBRARY 


